,Table of Content
Q Q
ChapterQ01:QCellularQBiology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
ChapterQ02:QGenesQandQGeneticQDiseases ................................................................................................................. 13
ChapterQ03:QEpigeneticsQandQDisease ........................................................................................................................ 23
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
ChapterQ04:QAlteredQCellularQandQTissueQBiology .................................................................................................... 27
HuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiology,Q6thQEdition........................................................................ 39
ChapterQ06:QInnateQImmunity:QInflammationQandQWoundQHealingQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophy
siology,Q6thQEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 48
ChapterQ07:QAdaptiveQImmunity................................................................................................................................ 60
ChapterQ08:QInfectionQandQDefectsQinQMechanismsQofQDefenseQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
ChapterQ09:QStressQandQDisease ................................................................................................................................. 76
ChapterQ10:QBiology,QClinicalQManifestations,QandQTreatmentQofQCancerQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPat
hophysiology,Q6thQEdition ......................................................................................................................................... 81
ChapterQ11:QCancerQEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
ChapterQ12:QCancerQinQChildren ................................................................................................................................ 91
ChapterQ13:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheNeurologicQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 94
ChapterQ14:QPain,QTemperature,QSleep,QandQSensoryQFunctionQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolo
gy,Q6thQEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 105
ChapterQ15:QAlterationsQinQCognitiveQSystems,QCerebralQHemodynamics,QandQMotorQFunction ........................... 116
ChapterQ16:QDisordersQofQtheCentralQandQPeripheralQNervousQSystemsQandQtheNeuromuscularQJunction ............. 126
ChapterQ17:QAlterationsQofQNeurologicQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolog
y,Q6thQEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 138
ChapterQ18:QMechanismsQofQHormonalQRegulation ................................................................................................ 147
ChapterQ19:QAlterationsQofQHormonalQRegulation ................................................................................................... 156
ChapterQ20:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQHematologicQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysi
ology,Q6thQEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 169
ChapterQ21:QAlterationsQofQHematologicQFunction .................................................................................................. 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
ChapterQ22:QAlterationsQofQHematologicQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition....................................................................................................................................................... 192
ChapterQ23:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQCardiovascularQandQLymphaticQSystemsQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderst
andingQPathophysiology,Q6thQEdition ...................................................................................................................... 200
ChapterQ24:QAlterationsQofQCardiovascularQFunction .............................................................................................. 210
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
ChapterQ25:QAlterationsQofQCardiovascularQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysi
ology,Q6thQEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 229
SQNQTQ Q O ..................................................................................................................................................................... 232
ChapterQ26:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQPulmonaryQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition ....................................................................................................................................................... 236
ChapterQ27:QAlterationsQofQPulmonaryQFunction ..................................................................................................... 245
, ChapterQ28:QAlterationsQofQPulmonaryQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolog
y,Q6thQEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 257
ChapterQ29:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQRenalQandQUrologicQSystemsQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPat
hophysiology,Q6thQEdition ....................................................................................................................................... 265
ChapterQ30:QAlterationsQofQRenalQandQUrinaryQTractQFunctionQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition....................................................................................................................................................... 273
ChapterQ31:QAlterationsQofQRenalQandQUrinaryQTractQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQP
athophysiology,Q6thQEdition .................................................................................................................................... 280
ChapterQ32:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQReproductiveQSystemsQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophy
siology,Q6thQEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 286
ChapterQ33:QAlterationsQofQtheQFemaleQReproductiveQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolog
y,Q6thQEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 295
ChapterQ34:QAlterationsQofQtheQMaleQReproductiveQSystem.................................................................................... 300
ChapterQ35:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQDigestiveQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolo
gy,Q6thQEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 305
ChapterQ36:QAlterationsQofQDigestiveQFunction ....................................................................................................... 312
ChapterQ37:QAlterationsQofQDigestiveQFunctionQinQChildren ................................................................................... 325
ChapterQ38:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQMusculoskeletalQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathoph
ysiology,Q6thQEdition ............................................................................................................................................... 334
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
ChapterQ39:QAlterationsQofQMusculoskeletalQFunction ............................................................................................ 342
ChapterQ40:QAlterationsQofQMusculoskeletalQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophys
iology,Q6thQEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 352
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
ChapterQ41:QStructure,QFunction,QandQDisordersQofQtheQIntegumentQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophy
siology,Q6thQEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 357
ChapterQ42:QAlterationsQofQtheQIntegumentQinQChildren .......................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
Q Q Q
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
Q Q Q Q Q Q
MULTIPLEQCHOICE
1. AQstudentQisQobservingQaQcellQunderQtheQmicroscope.QItQisQobservedQtoQhaveQsupercoiledQDN
AQwithQhistones.QWhichQofQtheQfollowingQwouldQalsoQbeQobservedQbyQtheQstudent?
a. AQsingleQcircularQchromosome
b. AQnucleus
c. Free-floatingQnuclearQmaterial
d. NoQorganelles
ANS:Q B
TheQcellQdescribedQisQaQeukaryoticQcell,QsoQitQhasQhistonesQandQaQsupercoiledQDNAQwithinQitsQ
nucleus;Qthus,QtheQnucleusQshouldQbeQobserved.QAQsingleQcircularQchromosomeQcalledQaQproka
ryoteQcontainsQfree-floatingQnuclearQmaterialQbutQhasQnoQorganelles.
REF:Qp.Q2
2. AQnurseQisQinstructingQtheQstaffQaboutQcellularQfunctions.QWhichQcellularQfunctionQisQtheQnurs
eQdescribingQwhenQanQisolatedQcellQabsorbsQoxygenQandQusesQitQtoQtransformQnutrientsQtoQener
gy?
a. MetabolicQabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:QD
TheQcell’sQabilityQtoQabsorbQoxygenQisQreferredQtoQasQrespirationQwhileQitsQcommunicationQabilityQin
volvesQmaintenanceQofQaQsteadyQdynamicQstate,QmetabolicQabsorptionQprovidesQnutrition,QandQsecret
ionQallowsQforQtheQsynthesizingQofQnewQsubstances.
REF:Qp.Q2
3. AQeukaryoticQcellQisQundergoingQDNAQreplication.QInQwhichQregionQofQtheQcellQwouldQmostQ
ofQtheQgeneticQinformationQbeQcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleusQCytoplasm
ANS:QC
TheQregionQofQtheQcellQthatQcontainsQgeneticQmaterial,QincludingQaQlargeQamountQofQribonucleic
Qacid,QmostQofQtheQDNA,QandQDNA-
bindingQproteins,QisQtheQnucleolus,QwhichQisQlocatedQwithinQtheQcell’sQnucleus.QMitochondriaQi
sQassociatedQwithQcellularQrespiration,QwhileQribosomesQareQinvolvedQwithQproteinQmanufactur
ing.QCytoplasmQisQaQfluidQfillingQthatQisQaQcomponentQofQtheQcell.
REF:Qp.Q2
Q Q
ChapterQ01:QCellularQBiology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
ChapterQ02:QGenesQandQGeneticQDiseases ................................................................................................................. 13
ChapterQ03:QEpigeneticsQandQDisease ........................................................................................................................ 23
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
ChapterQ04:QAlteredQCellularQandQTissueQBiology .................................................................................................... 27
HuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiology,Q6thQEdition........................................................................ 39
ChapterQ06:QInnateQImmunity:QInflammationQandQWoundQHealingQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophy
siology,Q6thQEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 48
ChapterQ07:QAdaptiveQImmunity................................................................................................................................ 60
ChapterQ08:QInfectionQandQDefectsQinQMechanismsQofQDefenseQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
ChapterQ09:QStressQandQDisease ................................................................................................................................. 76
ChapterQ10:QBiology,QClinicalQManifestations,QandQTreatmentQofQCancerQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPat
hophysiology,Q6thQEdition ......................................................................................................................................... 81
ChapterQ11:QCancerQEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
ChapterQ12:QCancerQinQChildren ................................................................................................................................ 91
ChapterQ13:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheNeurologicQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition......................................................................................................................................................... 94
ChapterQ14:QPain,QTemperature,QSleep,QandQSensoryQFunctionQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolo
gy,Q6thQEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 105
ChapterQ15:QAlterationsQinQCognitiveQSystems,QCerebralQHemodynamics,QandQMotorQFunction ........................... 116
ChapterQ16:QDisordersQofQtheCentralQandQPeripheralQNervousQSystemsQandQtheNeuromuscularQJunction ............. 126
ChapterQ17:QAlterationsQofQNeurologicQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolog
y,Q6thQEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 138
ChapterQ18:QMechanismsQofQHormonalQRegulation ................................................................................................ 147
ChapterQ19:QAlterationsQofQHormonalQRegulation ................................................................................................... 156
ChapterQ20:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQHematologicQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysi
ology,Q6thQEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 169
ChapterQ21:QAlterationsQofQHematologicQFunction .................................................................................................. 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
ChapterQ22:QAlterationsQofQHematologicQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition....................................................................................................................................................... 192
ChapterQ23:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQCardiovascularQandQLymphaticQSystemsQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderst
andingQPathophysiology,Q6thQEdition ...................................................................................................................... 200
ChapterQ24:QAlterationsQofQCardiovascularQFunction .............................................................................................. 210
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
ChapterQ25:QAlterationsQofQCardiovascularQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysi
ology,Q6thQEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 229
SQNQTQ Q O ..................................................................................................................................................................... 232
ChapterQ26:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQPulmonaryQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition ....................................................................................................................................................... 236
ChapterQ27:QAlterationsQofQPulmonaryQFunction ..................................................................................................... 245
, ChapterQ28:QAlterationsQofQPulmonaryQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolog
y,Q6thQEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 257
ChapterQ29:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQRenalQandQUrologicQSystemsQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPat
hophysiology,Q6thQEdition ....................................................................................................................................... 265
ChapterQ30:QAlterationsQofQRenalQandQUrinaryQTractQFunctionQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiol
ogy,Q6thQEdition....................................................................................................................................................... 273
ChapterQ31:QAlterationsQofQRenalQandQUrinaryQTractQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQP
athophysiology,Q6thQEdition .................................................................................................................................... 280
ChapterQ32:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQReproductiveQSystemsQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophy
siology,Q6thQEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 286
ChapterQ33:QAlterationsQofQtheQFemaleQReproductiveQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolog
y,Q6thQEdition ........................................................................................................................................................... 295
ChapterQ34:QAlterationsQofQtheQMaleQReproductiveQSystem.................................................................................... 300
ChapterQ35:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQDigestiveQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophysiolo
gy,Q6thQEdition ......................................................................................................................................................... 305
ChapterQ36:QAlterationsQofQDigestiveQFunction ....................................................................................................... 312
ChapterQ37:QAlterationsQofQDigestiveQFunctionQinQChildren ................................................................................... 325
ChapterQ38:QStructureQandQFunctionQofQtheQMusculoskeletalQSystemQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathoph
ysiology,Q6thQEdition ............................................................................................................................................... 334
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
ChapterQ39:QAlterationsQofQMusculoskeletalQFunction ............................................................................................ 342
ChapterQ40:QAlterationsQofQMusculoskeletalQFunctionQinQChildrenQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophys
iology,Q6thQEdition ................................................................................................................................................... 352
UQSNQT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
ChapterQ41:QStructure,QFunction,QandQDisordersQofQtheQIntegumentQHuetherQ&QMcCance:QUnderstandingQPathophy
siology,Q6thQEdition ................................................................................................................................................. 357
ChapterQ42:QAlterationsQofQtheQIntegumentQinQChildren .......................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
Q Q Q
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
Q Q Q Q Q Q
MULTIPLEQCHOICE
1. AQstudentQisQobservingQaQcellQunderQtheQmicroscope.QItQisQobservedQtoQhaveQsupercoiledQDN
AQwithQhistones.QWhichQofQtheQfollowingQwouldQalsoQbeQobservedQbyQtheQstudent?
a. AQsingleQcircularQchromosome
b. AQnucleus
c. Free-floatingQnuclearQmaterial
d. NoQorganelles
ANS:Q B
TheQcellQdescribedQisQaQeukaryoticQcell,QsoQitQhasQhistonesQandQaQsupercoiledQDNAQwithinQitsQ
nucleus;Qthus,QtheQnucleusQshouldQbeQobserved.QAQsingleQcircularQchromosomeQcalledQaQproka
ryoteQcontainsQfree-floatingQnuclearQmaterialQbutQhasQnoQorganelles.
REF:Qp.Q2
2. AQnurseQisQinstructingQtheQstaffQaboutQcellularQfunctions.QWhichQcellularQfunctionQisQtheQnurs
eQdescribingQwhenQanQisolatedQcellQabsorbsQoxygenQandQusesQitQtoQtransformQnutrientsQtoQener
gy?
a. MetabolicQabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:QD
TheQcell’sQabilityQtoQabsorbQoxygenQisQreferredQtoQasQrespirationQwhileQitsQcommunicationQabilityQin
volvesQmaintenanceQofQaQsteadyQdynamicQstate,QmetabolicQabsorptionQprovidesQnutrition,QandQsecret
ionQallowsQforQtheQsynthesizingQofQnewQsubstances.
REF:Qp.Q2
3. AQeukaryoticQcellQisQundergoingQDNAQreplication.QInQwhichQregionQofQtheQcellQwouldQmostQ
ofQtheQgeneticQinformationQbeQcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleusQCytoplasm
ANS:QC
TheQregionQofQtheQcellQthatQcontainsQgeneticQmaterial,QincludingQaQlargeQamountQofQribonucleic
Qacid,QmostQofQtheQDNA,QandQDNA-
bindingQproteins,QisQtheQnucleolus,QwhichQisQlocatedQwithinQtheQcell’sQnucleus.QMitochondriaQi
sQassociatedQwithQcellularQrespiration,QwhileQribosomesQareQinvolvedQwithQproteinQmanufactur
ing.QCytoplasmQisQaQfluidQfillingQthatQisQaQcomponentQofQtheQcell.
REF:Qp.Q2
