ANATOMY OF RIBOSOMES,
PROTEASOMES, MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES, OTHER
BIOLOGICAL AGGREGATES, AND
INCLUSIONS
Dr N Mutuku
,IN THIS LECTURE WE WILL LEARN
ABOUT
• Ribosomes • Centers of oxidation
• Mitochondria
• Peroxisomes
• Proteasomes
• Biological aggregates/condensate
• The endomembrane system e.g. ribosomes, proteasomes,
exosomes, the nucleolus etc.
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Endosomes • Inclusion bodies
• Lysosomes • Nutrient
• Waste
,Ribosomes are ribonucleoprotein (RNA+protein) complexes of ≈25nm diameter that a
as macromolecular machines to catalyze production of polypeptide chains from amino
acids. Each ribosome is made of two unequal subunits that are named, based on thei
sedimentation coefficients in an ultracentrifuge, as 60S and 40S (total ribosome
Svedberg units=80S). The subunits are synthesized by the nucleolus, released into th
cytoplasm and come together at the time of mRNA translation. A ribosome is
approximately 1/3 protein and 2/3 rRNA by mass.
• rRNAs (3 in the large, 1 in the small
subunit) are centrally placed, highly
folded and responsible for
• Determining the shape of the ribosome
its active sites
• mRNA binding, positioning, progression
release
• tRNA binding, positioning and release
• Catalysis of peptide bond formation
• Ribosomal proteins (≈80 in total) are
peripheral, filling gaps between rRNA
and stabilizing the RNA core
,
PROTEASOMES, MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES, OTHER
BIOLOGICAL AGGREGATES, AND
INCLUSIONS
Dr N Mutuku
,IN THIS LECTURE WE WILL LEARN
ABOUT
• Ribosomes • Centers of oxidation
• Mitochondria
• Peroxisomes
• Proteasomes
• Biological aggregates/condensate
• The endomembrane system e.g. ribosomes, proteasomes,
exosomes, the nucleolus etc.
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Endosomes • Inclusion bodies
• Lysosomes • Nutrient
• Waste
,Ribosomes are ribonucleoprotein (RNA+protein) complexes of ≈25nm diameter that a
as macromolecular machines to catalyze production of polypeptide chains from amino
acids. Each ribosome is made of two unequal subunits that are named, based on thei
sedimentation coefficients in an ultracentrifuge, as 60S and 40S (total ribosome
Svedberg units=80S). The subunits are synthesized by the nucleolus, released into th
cytoplasm and come together at the time of mRNA translation. A ribosome is
approximately 1/3 protein and 2/3 rRNA by mass.
• rRNAs (3 in the large, 1 in the small
subunit) are centrally placed, highly
folded and responsible for
• Determining the shape of the ribosome
its active sites
• mRNA binding, positioning, progression
release
• tRNA binding, positioning and release
• Catalysis of peptide bond formation
• Ribosomal proteins (≈80 in total) are
peripheral, filling gaps between rRNA
and stabilizing the RNA core
,
