PEDIATRIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY EXAM
2024-2025
The infundibulum (conus) is the connecting segment between the ventricles and the
major arteries.
What makes up the AV canal? - Answer: AV valves and the AV septum.
The conal septum separates the LVOT and RVOT.
atrial situs - ANSWER: solitus, inversus, ambiguous.
ventricular situs - answer D-looped, L-looped, and x-ambiguous.
Great arterial situs - ANSWER S-solitus, I-inversus, D-transposition,
L-transposition, and a-ambiguous
heterotaxy (isomerism) - answer different arrangement.
What is the typical sidedness of the stomach, liver, IVC, and AO? - ANSWER
Left, right, right, left.
Characteristics of the right atrium: larger muscular limbus of the IAS, coronary
sinus and/or IVC drain in, pyramidal appendage, muscular-appearing walls
Double inlet - ANSWER 2 atria, 2 AV valves, and 1 ventricle
tricuspid or mitral atresia - ANSWER: Two atria, one AV valve, and one ventricle
, ANSWER: 2 or 1 atria, 1 AV valve, and 1 ventricle.
ductal dependent lesions: ANSWER HLHS, IAA, Pulmonary Atresia or critical PS,
d-TGA, coarct, Ao atresia, MV atresia, critical AS.
cyanotic lesions: ANSWER pulmonary atresia, critical PS, D-TGA
Obstructive left heart lesions - ANSWER coarct, Ao atresia, Mitral atresia, serious
AS.
What medicine is prescribed for ductal-dependent lesions? - Answer:
prostaglandin.
Non-ductal dependent. CHD - ANSWER Tetralogy of Fallot, VSD, AV Canal
What medicine is administered if a conduit is not required? - Answer: indocin.
What CHD does a Norwood correct? - ANSWER HLHS
How many steps are there in the Norwood palliation? - Answer three.
Norwood Stage 1 - ANSWER MPA is detached from branch PAs, neoaorta is
constructed with a homograft linking MPA to hypoplastic Ao, BT shunt for branch
PA blood flow, and atrial septectomy.
Norwood Stage 2 (aka Glenn aka hemi-fontan) - ANSWER remove the BT shunt,
SVC anastamosed to RPA.
2024-2025
The infundibulum (conus) is the connecting segment between the ventricles and the
major arteries.
What makes up the AV canal? - Answer: AV valves and the AV septum.
The conal septum separates the LVOT and RVOT.
atrial situs - ANSWER: solitus, inversus, ambiguous.
ventricular situs - answer D-looped, L-looped, and x-ambiguous.
Great arterial situs - ANSWER S-solitus, I-inversus, D-transposition,
L-transposition, and a-ambiguous
heterotaxy (isomerism) - answer different arrangement.
What is the typical sidedness of the stomach, liver, IVC, and AO? - ANSWER
Left, right, right, left.
Characteristics of the right atrium: larger muscular limbus of the IAS, coronary
sinus and/or IVC drain in, pyramidal appendage, muscular-appearing walls
Double inlet - ANSWER 2 atria, 2 AV valves, and 1 ventricle
tricuspid or mitral atresia - ANSWER: Two atria, one AV valve, and one ventricle
, ANSWER: 2 or 1 atria, 1 AV valve, and 1 ventricle.
ductal dependent lesions: ANSWER HLHS, IAA, Pulmonary Atresia or critical PS,
d-TGA, coarct, Ao atresia, MV atresia, critical AS.
cyanotic lesions: ANSWER pulmonary atresia, critical PS, D-TGA
Obstructive left heart lesions - ANSWER coarct, Ao atresia, Mitral atresia, serious
AS.
What medicine is prescribed for ductal-dependent lesions? - Answer:
prostaglandin.
Non-ductal dependent. CHD - ANSWER Tetralogy of Fallot, VSD, AV Canal
What medicine is administered if a conduit is not required? - Answer: indocin.
What CHD does a Norwood correct? - ANSWER HLHS
How many steps are there in the Norwood palliation? - Answer three.
Norwood Stage 1 - ANSWER MPA is detached from branch PAs, neoaorta is
constructed with a homograft linking MPA to hypoplastic Ao, BT shunt for branch
PA blood flow, and atrial septectomy.
Norwood Stage 2 (aka Glenn aka hemi-fontan) - ANSWER remove the BT shunt,
SVC anastamosed to RPA.
