Cystoscopy
Cystoscopy, also known as cystoureterography or prostatography, is an invasive diagnostic
procedure that allows direct visualization of the urethra, urinary bladder, and ureteral orifices
through the transurethral insertion of a cystoscope into the bladder.
There are two types of cystoscopy: rigid and flexible. Rigid cystoscopy uses a thin, lighted tube that
consists of an obturator and a telescope with a lens and light system; It is usually performed to take
tissue samples and carry out complicated surgeries. It is done under general or spinal anesthesia.
While flexible cystoscopy uses a flexible fiber-optic telescope to provide a diagnosis of urinary
abnormalities and to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment. It is performed under local anesthesia.
, Indication
The cystoscopy may be performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes:
Diagnostic Cystoscopy
Assess the function of the kidneys by taking a urine specimen through ureteral catheters
Assess changes in urinary elimination patterns
Differentiate between benign and malignant bladder lesions
Identify the source of hematuria
Investigate the cause of recurrent urinary tract infection
Evaluate the extent of enlarged prostate and degree of obstructions
Evaluate urinary tract abnormalities such as dysuria, urgency, incontinence, frequency,
retention, and inadequate stream
Diagnose congenital anomalies such as ureteroceles, diverticula, duplicate ureters, urethral or
ureteral strictures, and areas of inflammation or ulceration
Therapeutic Cystoscopy
Coagulate bleeding areas
Dilate the urethra and ureters
Remove and resect polyps and small bladder tumors
Remove foreign bodies and renal calculi
Implant radioactive seeds into a tumor
Place ureteral catheters to drain urine from the renal pelvis or for retrograde pyelography
Resect hypertrophied or malignant prostate gland (transurethral resection of the prostate)
Contraindication
Patients with an acute form of urethritis, prostatitis, or cystitis because instrumentation may
increase the risk of bacterial invasion, leading to sepsis
Patients with bleeding disorders since instrumentation may lead to further bleeding from the
lower urinary tract
Patients who are pregnant, unless the potential benefits of a procedure outweigh the risk of
maternal and fetal damage
Interfering Factors
Inability to cooperate or remain still during the procedure due to age, significant pain, or
mental status
Failure to follow dietary restrictions prior may lead to the cancellation or repetition of the
procedure.
Cystoscopy, also known as cystoureterography or prostatography, is an invasive diagnostic
procedure that allows direct visualization of the urethra, urinary bladder, and ureteral orifices
through the transurethral insertion of a cystoscope into the bladder.
There are two types of cystoscopy: rigid and flexible. Rigid cystoscopy uses a thin, lighted tube that
consists of an obturator and a telescope with a lens and light system; It is usually performed to take
tissue samples and carry out complicated surgeries. It is done under general or spinal anesthesia.
While flexible cystoscopy uses a flexible fiber-optic telescope to provide a diagnosis of urinary
abnormalities and to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment. It is performed under local anesthesia.
, Indication
The cystoscopy may be performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes:
Diagnostic Cystoscopy
Assess the function of the kidneys by taking a urine specimen through ureteral catheters
Assess changes in urinary elimination patterns
Differentiate between benign and malignant bladder lesions
Identify the source of hematuria
Investigate the cause of recurrent urinary tract infection
Evaluate the extent of enlarged prostate and degree of obstructions
Evaluate urinary tract abnormalities such as dysuria, urgency, incontinence, frequency,
retention, and inadequate stream
Diagnose congenital anomalies such as ureteroceles, diverticula, duplicate ureters, urethral or
ureteral strictures, and areas of inflammation or ulceration
Therapeutic Cystoscopy
Coagulate bleeding areas
Dilate the urethra and ureters
Remove and resect polyps and small bladder tumors
Remove foreign bodies and renal calculi
Implant radioactive seeds into a tumor
Place ureteral catheters to drain urine from the renal pelvis or for retrograde pyelography
Resect hypertrophied or malignant prostate gland (transurethral resection of the prostate)
Contraindication
Patients with an acute form of urethritis, prostatitis, or cystitis because instrumentation may
increase the risk of bacterial invasion, leading to sepsis
Patients with bleeding disorders since instrumentation may lead to further bleeding from the
lower urinary tract
Patients who are pregnant, unless the potential benefits of a procedure outweigh the risk of
maternal and fetal damage
Interfering Factors
Inability to cooperate or remain still during the procedure due to age, significant pain, or
mental status
Failure to follow dietary restrictions prior may lead to the cancellation or repetition of the
procedure.
