3/7/25, 11:08 AM HA Final Exam
HA Final Exam
HA ACTUAL FINAL EXAM 2024-2025 CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS \\VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
Terms in this set (58)
I. Inspection and palpation of the chest (patient
sitting with arms across chest for lateral and posterior
assessment; patient supine with arms slightly away
from chest for anterior assessment)
A. Anatomic landmarks: trachea, suprasternal notch,
angle of Louis, costal angle, C7, T1
B. Shape, size, symmetry, AP diameter, color of front
and back, superficial venous patterns, prominence
of ribs
Examination techniques of
C. Respiratory rate, rhythm
the Lungs p. 292 D. Chest movement for symmetry and use of accessory muscles
E. Audible sounds (stridor, wheezes)
F. Thoracic expansion
G. Crepitus
H. Tactile fremitus "99"
I. Percussion, auscultation, and measurement of the chest
A. Measurement of diaphragmatic excursion
B. Intensity, pitch, duration, and quality of percussion tones
C. Unexpected breath sounds (crackles, rhonchi, wheezes,
friction rubs)
D. Vocal resonance
Examination findings of the 1. Opioid = bradypnea or cheyne-strokes
heart and lungs in a patient 2. Cocaine= tachycardia, tachypneic
with illegal drug use
1. Orthopnea - discomfort when breathing while lying down flat
2. Platypnea - symptoms occur when the patient is
Description of types of
upright and resolve with recumbency
shortness of breath 3. Tachypnea - faster than 20 breaths/min
4. Bradypnea - slower than 12 breaths/min
1/37
,3/7/25, 11:08 AM HA Final Exam
Symptoms associated with 1. Coughing, chest pain, fever, sputum,
intrathoracic infection p.
305
2/37
,3/7/25, 11:08 AM HA Final Exam
1. Decreased or absent fremitus may be caused by
excess air in the lungs or may indicate emphysema,
pleural thickening or effusion, or bronchial
Fremitus obstruction. 2.
Increased fremitus, often coarser or rougher in feel, occurs in
the presence of
fluids or a solid mass within the lungs and may be
caused by lung consolidation, heavy but
nonobstructive bronchial secretions or
compressed lung.
3. Gentle, more tremulous fremitus than expected
occurs with some lung consolidations and some
inflammatory and infectious processes.
Percussion techniques A. Direct percussion using ulnar aspect of fist.
when examining the B. Indirect percussion.
lungs
1. Resonance, the expected sound, can usually be
heard over all areas of the lungs.
Examination findings when 2. Hyperresonance associated with hyperinflation
percussing the lungs may indicate emphysema, pneumothorax, or
asthma.
3. Dullness or flatness suggests pneumonia,
atelectasis, pleural effusion, or asthma.
Examination of ammonia in Uremia (ammonia)
breath odor
3/37
, 3/7/25, 11:08 AM HA Final Exam
During inspection, perform the following.
• Observe the precordium. In most adults, the apical
impulse is visible at about the midclavicular line in the
fifth left intercostal space. Note any unusually forceful
pulsation.
• For a better view, try using tangential lighting. This
accentuates the surface flicker from the underlying
cardiac movements.
• Inspect other organs that may provide clues about the cardiac
status.
o For example, assess the skin to detect cyanosis or venous
distention.
o Also inspect the nail beds for cyanosis
and capillary refill time. During palpation,
perform the following.
• With warm hands, gently palpate the supine
patient's precordium while moving systematically
through five areas.
o First, palpate at the apex.
o Second, move to the left sternal border.
o Third, move to the base.
o Fourth, go down to the right sternal border.
o Fifth, move into the epigastrium or axillae, if needed.
• Feel for the apical impulse and identify its location,
distance from the midsternal line, and width (which is
usually no more than 1 cm). Describe the point at
which the apical impulse is most readily seen or felt
as the point of maximal impulse (PMI).
• If the apical impulse is more vigorous than a gentle,
brief pulsation, describe it as a heave or lift.
• Feel for a thrill, which is a fine, palpable, rushing
vibration that often occurs over the base of the heart
at the right or left second intercostal space. You can
think of a thrill as a palpable murmur.
• As you feel the precordium, use your other hand to
palpate the carotid artery. The carotid pulse and S1
should occur almost simultaneously.
During percussion, perform the following.
• To estimate the size of the heart, follow these three steps.
o First, percuss at the left anterior axillary line,
moving medially along the intercostal spaces
4/37
HA Final Exam
HA ACTUAL FINAL EXAM 2024-2025 CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS \\VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
Terms in this set (58)
I. Inspection and palpation of the chest (patient
sitting with arms across chest for lateral and posterior
assessment; patient supine with arms slightly away
from chest for anterior assessment)
A. Anatomic landmarks: trachea, suprasternal notch,
angle of Louis, costal angle, C7, T1
B. Shape, size, symmetry, AP diameter, color of front
and back, superficial venous patterns, prominence
of ribs
Examination techniques of
C. Respiratory rate, rhythm
the Lungs p. 292 D. Chest movement for symmetry and use of accessory muscles
E. Audible sounds (stridor, wheezes)
F. Thoracic expansion
G. Crepitus
H. Tactile fremitus "99"
I. Percussion, auscultation, and measurement of the chest
A. Measurement of diaphragmatic excursion
B. Intensity, pitch, duration, and quality of percussion tones
C. Unexpected breath sounds (crackles, rhonchi, wheezes,
friction rubs)
D. Vocal resonance
Examination findings of the 1. Opioid = bradypnea or cheyne-strokes
heart and lungs in a patient 2. Cocaine= tachycardia, tachypneic
with illegal drug use
1. Orthopnea - discomfort when breathing while lying down flat
2. Platypnea - symptoms occur when the patient is
Description of types of
upright and resolve with recumbency
shortness of breath 3. Tachypnea - faster than 20 breaths/min
4. Bradypnea - slower than 12 breaths/min
1/37
,3/7/25, 11:08 AM HA Final Exam
Symptoms associated with 1. Coughing, chest pain, fever, sputum,
intrathoracic infection p.
305
2/37
,3/7/25, 11:08 AM HA Final Exam
1. Decreased or absent fremitus may be caused by
excess air in the lungs or may indicate emphysema,
pleural thickening or effusion, or bronchial
Fremitus obstruction. 2.
Increased fremitus, often coarser or rougher in feel, occurs in
the presence of
fluids or a solid mass within the lungs and may be
caused by lung consolidation, heavy but
nonobstructive bronchial secretions or
compressed lung.
3. Gentle, more tremulous fremitus than expected
occurs with some lung consolidations and some
inflammatory and infectious processes.
Percussion techniques A. Direct percussion using ulnar aspect of fist.
when examining the B. Indirect percussion.
lungs
1. Resonance, the expected sound, can usually be
heard over all areas of the lungs.
Examination findings when 2. Hyperresonance associated with hyperinflation
percussing the lungs may indicate emphysema, pneumothorax, or
asthma.
3. Dullness or flatness suggests pneumonia,
atelectasis, pleural effusion, or asthma.
Examination of ammonia in Uremia (ammonia)
breath odor
3/37
, 3/7/25, 11:08 AM HA Final Exam
During inspection, perform the following.
• Observe the precordium. In most adults, the apical
impulse is visible at about the midclavicular line in the
fifth left intercostal space. Note any unusually forceful
pulsation.
• For a better view, try using tangential lighting. This
accentuates the surface flicker from the underlying
cardiac movements.
• Inspect other organs that may provide clues about the cardiac
status.
o For example, assess the skin to detect cyanosis or venous
distention.
o Also inspect the nail beds for cyanosis
and capillary refill time. During palpation,
perform the following.
• With warm hands, gently palpate the supine
patient's precordium while moving systematically
through five areas.
o First, palpate at the apex.
o Second, move to the left sternal border.
o Third, move to the base.
o Fourth, go down to the right sternal border.
o Fifth, move into the epigastrium or axillae, if needed.
• Feel for the apical impulse and identify its location,
distance from the midsternal line, and width (which is
usually no more than 1 cm). Describe the point at
which the apical impulse is most readily seen or felt
as the point of maximal impulse (PMI).
• If the apical impulse is more vigorous than a gentle,
brief pulsation, describe it as a heave or lift.
• Feel for a thrill, which is a fine, palpable, rushing
vibration that often occurs over the base of the heart
at the right or left second intercostal space. You can
think of a thrill as a palpable murmur.
• As you feel the precordium, use your other hand to
palpate the carotid artery. The carotid pulse and S1
should occur almost simultaneously.
During percussion, perform the following.
• To estimate the size of the heart, follow these three steps.
o First, percuss at the left anterior axillary line,
moving medially along the intercostal spaces
4/37
