DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
n n n n n n n n n n
CHAPTER 1 n
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY n n n
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n n
1. Definenpsychologynandndescribenthengoalsnandnlevelsnofnanalysisnpsychologistsnuse.
Psychologynisnthenstudynofnmentalnprocessesnandnbehaviour.
Thengoalsnofnpsychologynarentondescribe,nexplain,npredict,nandncontrolnbehaviournandnmentaln
processes.nPsychologistsnvaryninnthendegreentonwhichntheynfocusnonnsomenofnthesengoalsnmo
renthannothers.
Thenstudynofnpsychologynmustnoccurnatnmultiplenlevels,nincludingnthenlevelnofnthenbrainn(thenbi
ologicalnactivitynassociatednwithnmentalnprocessesnandnbehaviour),nthenlevelnofnthenpersonn(t
hencontentnofnmentalnprocesses),nandnthenlevelnofnthengroupn(socialninfluencesnonnbehaviour)
.
2. DescribentheninfluencesnofnearlynmythsnandnancientnGreeknphilosophiesnonnpsychology.
Earlynexplanationsnofnhumannbehaviournwerenrootedninnsuperstitionnandnmagic.
Later,nphilosophers,nbeginningnwithnthenancientnGreeks,ntriedntondevelopnmorenobjectivent
heoriesnofnhumannconsciousnessnandnreality.
ThenworknofnsuchnearlynphilosophersnasnHippocrates,nSocrates,nPlato,nandnAristotlen
contributedntonthenlaternformationnofnpsychologynasnannaturalnscience.
3. Namenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnresearchn
methods.
Thendevelopmentnofnpsychologynhasnbeennstronglyninfluencednbynshiftsninnthensocialn
environmentnandndevelopmentnofnnewntechnology.
ThenfirstnpsychologynlaboratorynwasnfoundedninnLeipzig,nGermany,nbynphysiologistnWilhelmn
Wundt.nWundtnwasninterestedninnhumannconsciousnessnandnwill,nwhichnhenstudiednthroughn
small,nstructurednactivitiesnthatncouldnbeneasilynwatchednandnreplicated.
Structuralism,nanschoolnofnthoughtndevelopednbynonenofnWundt’snstudents,nreliednuponnthen
usenofnintrospection,nthencarefulnobservationnofnhumannperception.nThengoalnofnthenstructur
alistsnwasntonfindnthensmallestnbuildingnblocksnofnconsciousness.
WilliamnJamesnestablishednthenfirstnpsychologynlaboratoryninnthenUnitednStatesnatnHarvard.nH
enhelpednshiftnthenfield’snfocusntonthenfunctionsnofnmentalneventsnandnbehaviours,nformingnansc
hoolnofnthoughtnknownnasnfunctionalism.
Gestaltnpsychologistsnstudiednhumanntendenciesntonperceivenpatternnrathernthanndividingn
consciousnessnintonitsnsmallestnparts.nTheynfocusednonnputtingntogethernthen“parts,”nornin
dividualnsensations,ntoncreatenan“whole”nornperceptionnthatnwentnbeyondnthensumnofnthenpa
rts.
4. Summarizenthenmajornprinciplesnofnthenpsychoanalytical,nbehaviourist,nhumanistic,n
cognitive,nandnneurosciencenapproachesntonpsychology.
Overnthenyears,ndifferentnfieldsnofnpsychologynemerged,nwithndifferentnideasnaboutnwhatnwasnt
henappropriatenareanofnstudynfornhumannpsychology.nSomenofnthenmostninfluentialnfields
Copyrightn©n2021nJohnnWileyn&nSonsnCanada,nLtd.nUnauthorizedncopying,ndistribution,norntransmissionnofnthisnpagenisnprohibit
ed
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
n n n n n n n n n n
Psychology:nYesterdaynandnToday 1n-n 2
werenthenpsychoanalytic,nbehaviourist,nhumanistic,ncognitive,nandnneurosciencenschoolsnofnt
hought.
SigmundnFreud’snpsychoanalyticalntheorynfocusednonnthenimportancenofnunconsciousnmentaln
processes.
Behaviouristsnbelievednstronglynthatnpsychologynshouldnrestrictnitsnfocusntonthencarefulnstudyn
ofnobservablenbehaviours.
Humanisticnpsychologistsnreactednagainstnthenmechanicalnportrayalsnofnpeoplenbynthen
behaviouristsnandnemphasizednindividuals’npotentialnforngrowthnandnself-actualization.
Cognitivenpsychologistsnreignitedninterestninnthenstudynofnmentalnprocesses,ncomparingnthen
workingsnofnthenmindntonthenworkingsnofncomputers.
Biologicalnscience,nincludingninterestninnthenworkingsnofnthenbrainnandninnourngeneticni
nheritance,nwasnthenmajorninfluencenonnneurosciencenapproaches.
5. Describenthenthreenmajornbranchesnofnpsychologynandnsummarizenkeyntrendsninn
psychology.
Thentheoreticalnandnculturalndiversitynofnthenfieldnofnpsychologynhasnincreasedndramaticallyn
overnrecentnyears.
Therenarenthreenkeynbranchesnofnpsychology:nacademic,napplied,nandnclinical/counselling.
Acrossnthenthreenbranchesnandnmanynspecialtynareasninnpsychology,npsychologistsnaren
unitednbyntheirnsharednvalues.nPsychologistsngenerallynagreenthatnpsychologynisntheory-
driven,nempirical,nmulti-level,nandncontextual.
n
Currently,npsychologynappearsntonbendevelopingnasnanscienceninnresponsentonangrowingn
diversitynthroughoutnthenfield,nadvancesninntechnologyn(suchnasnbrainnscanning),nandnthen
developmentnofnnewnschoolsnsuchnasnpositivenpsychology.
Copyrightn©n2021nJohnnWileyn&nSonsnCanada,nLtd.nUnauthorizedncopying,ndistribution,norntransmissionnofnthisnpagenisnprohibit
ed
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
n n n n n n n n n n
1n-n 3 TestnBanknfornPsychologynAroundnUs,nFourthnCanadiannEdition
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS n
1. Mentalnprocessesndescribenthenactivitynofnournbrainsnwhennwenarenengagedninnthinking.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nDefinenpsychologynandndescribenthengoalsnandnlevelsnofnanalysisn
psychologistsnuse.
SectionnReference:nWhatnIsnPsychology?
2. Thenpersonnlevelnofnanalysisnmaynincludenhownintelligencenornmotivationninfluencesnbehaviour.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nDefinenpsychologynandndescribenthengoalsnandnlevelsnofnanalysisn
psychologistsnuse.
SectionnReference:nWhatnIsnPsychology?
3. Thenhistorynofnpsychologyn(andnmostnothernsciences)ndrewnheavilynonnphilosophy.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nDescribentheninfluencesnofnearlynmythsnandnancientnGreeknphilosophiesnonn
psychology.
SectionnReference:nPsychology’snRootsninnPhilosophy
4. Socratesnbelievednthatn“truth”nisnannobjectivenconceptnthatnisnNOTndependentnonnperception.
Answer:nFalsen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nComprehension
LearningnObjective:nDescribentheninfluencesnofnearlynmythsnandnancientnGreeknphilosophiesnonn
psychology.
SectionnReference:nPsychology’snRootsninnPhilosophy
5. Darwinnarguednthatndihybridncrossingnwasnresponsiblenfornthencharacteristicsnthatnsurviveninnan
population.
Copyrightn©n2021nJohnnWileyn&nSonsnCanada,nLtd.nUnauthorizedncopying,ndistribution,norntransmissionnofnthisnpagenisnprohibit
ed
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
n n n n n n n n n n
Psychology:nYesterdaynandnToday 1n-n 4
Answer:nFalse
Difficulty:nEasynBloomc
ode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nNamenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnr
esearchnmethods.
SectionnReference:nThenEarlynDaysnofnPsychology
6. Voluntarismnfocusednonnthenbeliefnthatnanperson’snfreenwillnultimatelyndeterminesnhumann
behaviour.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nComprehension
LearningnObjective:nNamenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnr
esearchnmethods.
SectionnReference:nThenEarlynDaysnofnPsychology
7. Functionalistsnviewednthenmindnasnannever-
changingnstreamnofnmentalneventsnthatnrespondntonchangingnenvironments.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nComprehension
LearningnObjective:nNamenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnr
esearchnmethods.
SectionnReference:nThenEarlynDaysnofnPsychology
8. GestaltnpsychologynisnnamednafternthenGermannpsychologist,nErnstnGestalt,nwhoncoinednthent
erm.
Answer:nFalse
Difficulty:nEasynBloomc
ode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nNamenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnr
esearchnmethods.
SectionnReference:nThenEarlynDaysnofnPsychology
9. Wundtnbelievednthatnthenunconsciousnmind,nrathernthannthenconsciousnmind,nwasninstrumentalni
nnpredictingnbehaviour.
Answer:nFalsen
Difficulty:nEasy
Copyrightn©n2021nJohnnWileyn&nSonsnCanada,nLtd.nUnauthorizedncopying,ndistribution,norntransmissionnofnthisnpagenisnprohibit
ed
mynursytest.store
n n n n n n n n n n
CHAPTER 1 n
PSYCHOLOGY: YESTERDAY AND TODAY n n n
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES
n n
1. Definenpsychologynandndescribenthengoalsnandnlevelsnofnanalysisnpsychologistsnuse.
Psychologynisnthenstudynofnmentalnprocessesnandnbehaviour.
Thengoalsnofnpsychologynarentondescribe,nexplain,npredict,nandncontrolnbehaviournandnmentaln
processes.nPsychologistsnvaryninnthendegreentonwhichntheynfocusnonnsomenofnthesengoalsnmo
renthannothers.
Thenstudynofnpsychologynmustnoccurnatnmultiplenlevels,nincludingnthenlevelnofnthenbrainn(thenbi
ologicalnactivitynassociatednwithnmentalnprocessesnandnbehaviour),nthenlevelnofnthenpersonn(t
hencontentnofnmentalnprocesses),nandnthenlevelnofnthengroupn(socialninfluencesnonnbehaviour)
.
2. DescribentheninfluencesnofnearlynmythsnandnancientnGreeknphilosophiesnonnpsychology.
Earlynexplanationsnofnhumannbehaviournwerenrootedninnsuperstitionnandnmagic.
Later,nphilosophers,nbeginningnwithnthenancientnGreeks,ntriedntondevelopnmorenobjectivent
heoriesnofnhumannconsciousnessnandnreality.
ThenworknofnsuchnearlynphilosophersnasnHippocrates,nSocrates,nPlato,nandnAristotlen
contributedntonthenlaternformationnofnpsychologynasnannaturalnscience.
3. Namenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnresearchn
methods.
Thendevelopmentnofnpsychologynhasnbeennstronglyninfluencednbynshiftsninnthensocialn
environmentnandndevelopmentnofnnewntechnology.
ThenfirstnpsychologynlaboratorynwasnfoundedninnLeipzig,nGermany,nbynphysiologistnWilhelmn
Wundt.nWundtnwasninterestedninnhumannconsciousnessnandnwill,nwhichnhenstudiednthroughn
small,nstructurednactivitiesnthatncouldnbeneasilynwatchednandnreplicated.
Structuralism,nanschoolnofnthoughtndevelopednbynonenofnWundt’snstudents,nreliednuponnthen
usenofnintrospection,nthencarefulnobservationnofnhumannperception.nThengoalnofnthenstructur
alistsnwasntonfindnthensmallestnbuildingnblocksnofnconsciousness.
WilliamnJamesnestablishednthenfirstnpsychologynlaboratoryninnthenUnitednStatesnatnHarvard.nH
enhelpednshiftnthenfield’snfocusntonthenfunctionsnofnmentalneventsnandnbehaviours,nformingnansc
hoolnofnthoughtnknownnasnfunctionalism.
Gestaltnpsychologistsnstudiednhumanntendenciesntonperceivenpatternnrathernthanndividingn
consciousnessnintonitsnsmallestnparts.nTheynfocusednonnputtingntogethernthen“parts,”nornin
dividualnsensations,ntoncreatenan“whole”nornperceptionnthatnwentnbeyondnthensumnofnthenpa
rts.
4. Summarizenthenmajornprinciplesnofnthenpsychoanalytical,nbehaviourist,nhumanistic,n
cognitive,nandnneurosciencenapproachesntonpsychology.
Overnthenyears,ndifferentnfieldsnofnpsychologynemerged,nwithndifferentnideasnaboutnwhatnwasnt
henappropriatenareanofnstudynfornhumannpsychology.nSomenofnthenmostninfluentialnfields
Copyrightn©n2021nJohnnWileyn&nSonsnCanada,nLtd.nUnauthorizedncopying,ndistribution,norntransmissionnofnthisnpagenisnprohibit
ed
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
n n n n n n n n n n
Psychology:nYesterdaynandnToday 1n-n 2
werenthenpsychoanalytic,nbehaviourist,nhumanistic,ncognitive,nandnneurosciencenschoolsnofnt
hought.
SigmundnFreud’snpsychoanalyticalntheorynfocusednonnthenimportancenofnunconsciousnmentaln
processes.
Behaviouristsnbelievednstronglynthatnpsychologynshouldnrestrictnitsnfocusntonthencarefulnstudyn
ofnobservablenbehaviours.
Humanisticnpsychologistsnreactednagainstnthenmechanicalnportrayalsnofnpeoplenbynthen
behaviouristsnandnemphasizednindividuals’npotentialnforngrowthnandnself-actualization.
Cognitivenpsychologistsnreignitedninterestninnthenstudynofnmentalnprocesses,ncomparingnthen
workingsnofnthenmindntonthenworkingsnofncomputers.
Biologicalnscience,nincludingninterestninnthenworkingsnofnthenbrainnandninnourngeneticni
nheritance,nwasnthenmajorninfluencenonnneurosciencenapproaches.
5. Describenthenthreenmajornbranchesnofnpsychologynandnsummarizenkeyntrendsninn
psychology.
Thentheoreticalnandnculturalndiversitynofnthenfieldnofnpsychologynhasnincreasedndramaticallyn
overnrecentnyears.
Therenarenthreenkeynbranchesnofnpsychology:nacademic,napplied,nandnclinical/counselling.
Acrossnthenthreenbranchesnandnmanynspecialtynareasninnpsychology,npsychologistsnaren
unitednbyntheirnsharednvalues.nPsychologistsngenerallynagreenthatnpsychologynisntheory-
driven,nempirical,nmulti-level,nandncontextual.
n
Currently,npsychologynappearsntonbendevelopingnasnanscienceninnresponsentonangrowingn
diversitynthroughoutnthenfield,nadvancesninntechnologyn(suchnasnbrainnscanning),nandnthen
developmentnofnnewnschoolsnsuchnasnpositivenpsychology.
Copyrightn©n2021nJohnnWileyn&nSonsnCanada,nLtd.nUnauthorizedncopying,ndistribution,norntransmissionnofnthisnpagenisnprohibit
ed
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
n n n n n n n n n n
1n-n 3 TestnBanknfornPsychologynAroundnUs,nFourthnCanadiannEdition
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS n
1. Mentalnprocessesndescribenthenactivitynofnournbrainsnwhennwenarenengagedninnthinking.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nDefinenpsychologynandndescribenthengoalsnandnlevelsnofnanalysisn
psychologistsnuse.
SectionnReference:nWhatnIsnPsychology?
2. Thenpersonnlevelnofnanalysisnmaynincludenhownintelligencenornmotivationninfluencesnbehaviour.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nDefinenpsychologynandndescribenthengoalsnandnlevelsnofnanalysisn
psychologistsnuse.
SectionnReference:nWhatnIsnPsychology?
3. Thenhistorynofnpsychologyn(andnmostnothernsciences)ndrewnheavilynonnphilosophy.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nDescribentheninfluencesnofnearlynmythsnandnancientnGreeknphilosophiesnonn
psychology.
SectionnReference:nPsychology’snRootsninnPhilosophy
4. Socratesnbelievednthatn“truth”nisnannobjectivenconceptnthatnisnNOTndependentnonnperception.
Answer:nFalsen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nComprehension
LearningnObjective:nDescribentheninfluencesnofnearlynmythsnandnancientnGreeknphilosophiesnonn
psychology.
SectionnReference:nPsychology’snRootsninnPhilosophy
5. Darwinnarguednthatndihybridncrossingnwasnresponsiblenfornthencharacteristicsnthatnsurviveninnan
population.
Copyrightn©n2021nJohnnWileyn&nSonsnCanada,nLtd.nUnauthorizedncopying,ndistribution,norntransmissionnofnthisnpagenisnprohibit
ed
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Psychology Around Us 4th Edition Ogden
n n n n n n n n n n
Psychology:nYesterdaynandnToday 1n-n 4
Answer:nFalse
Difficulty:nEasynBloomc
ode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nNamenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnr
esearchnmethods.
SectionnReference:nThenEarlynDaysnofnPsychology
6. Voluntarismnfocusednonnthenbeliefnthatnanperson’snfreenwillnultimatelyndeterminesnhumann
behaviour.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nComprehension
LearningnObjective:nNamenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnr
esearchnmethods.
SectionnReference:nThenEarlynDaysnofnPsychology
7. Functionalistsnviewednthenmindnasnannever-
changingnstreamnofnmentalneventsnthatnrespondntonchangingnenvironments.
Answer:nTruen
Difficulty:nEasy
Bloomcode:nComprehension
LearningnObjective:nNamenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnr
esearchnmethods.
SectionnReference:nThenEarlynDaysnofnPsychology
8. GestaltnpsychologynisnnamednafternthenGermannpsychologist,nErnstnGestalt,nwhoncoinednthent
erm.
Answer:nFalse
Difficulty:nEasynBloomc
ode:nKnowledge
LearningnObjective:nNamenimportantnearlynpsychologistsnandndescribentheirnmajorntheoriesnandnr
esearchnmethods.
SectionnReference:nThenEarlynDaysnofnPsychology
9. Wundtnbelievednthatnthenunconsciousnmind,nrathernthannthenconsciousnmind,nwasninstrumentalni
nnpredictingnbehaviour.
Answer:nFalsen
Difficulty:nEasy
Copyrightn©n2021nJohnnWileyn&nSonsnCanada,nLtd.nUnauthorizedncopying,ndistribution,norntransmissionnofnthisnpagenisnprohibit
ed
mynursytest.store
