Comprehensive BSc First-Year Biology Notes

BSc First-Year Biology Notes



1. CELL BIOLOGY

(A) Structure of Cells

1. Prokaryotic Cells

- No nucleus (DNA is in nucleoid).

- No membrane-bound organelles.

- Example: Bacteria



2. Eukaryotic Cells

- True nucleus with nuclear membrane.

- Membrane-bound organelles present.

- Example: Plant and Animal Cells



(B) Cell Organelles

1. Plasma Membrane - Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

2. Nucleus - Contains genetic material (DNA).

3. Mitochondria - Site of ATP production (energy).



(C) Cell Cycle

1. Interphase - G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase.

2. Mitosis - Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase.

3. Meiosis - Meiosis I and Meiosis II.



2. GENETICS

(A) Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

1. Law of Segregation