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NSG120
NSG120/ NSG 120 FINAL EXAM NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
GUIDE| QUESTIONS & ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT
(VERIFIED SOLUTIONS): (NEW 2025/ 2026 U PDATE)
Opportunistic infection - ANS ✓Microbes that are not usually pathogenic but can
become pathogenic when transferred into another location of the body, if the balance
of the species is not maintained, or if the body's defense is impaired.
Stages of Pressure Ulcers - ANS ✓Stage I: Intact skin with non-blanchable redness
of a localized area usually over a bony prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not
have visible blanching; its color may differ from the surrounding area.
Stage II: Partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a
red pink wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/ ruptured
serum-filled blister.
Stage III: Full thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone,
tendon or muscle are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the
depth of tissue loss. May include undermining and tunneling.
Stage IV: Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or
eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often include undermining
and tunneling. Deep Tissue Injury Purple or maroon localized area of discolored
intact skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from
pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm,
mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.
Unstageable: Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by
slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in
wound bed
Glaucoma signs & symptoms (narrow and open angle) - ANS ✓One of the major
causes of blindness.
Can occur at any age but most common in those over 60.
Narrow angle Glaucoma: occurs when the angle between the cornea and the iris in
the anterior chamber is decreased by factors such as an abnormal anterior insertion
of the iris. With aging, the lens enlarges, pushing the iris more forward and to the
side. Increase in intraocular pressureBlocks aqueous fluid.
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Chronic Glaucoma (wide angle): Most common form of glaucoma in 1-2% of
population. Trabecular network becomes obstructed. Damage is irreversible and
causes blindness
Retinopathy signs & symptoms (diabetic) - ANS ✓Pathologic alteration of the retinal
blood vessels affecting clarity and sharpness of vision. Characterized by
microaneurysm, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, macular edema, and the
formation of abnormal new vessels (neovascularization). Occurs after DM onset.
Macular degeneration signs & symptoms - ANS ✓Progressive deterioration of the
macula of the retina. Early onset may include distortion of central vision. Usually
painless and does not affect peripheral vision. May eventually lose all central vision.
Otitis Media - ANS ✓inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity.
Exudate builds up in the ear canal and puts pressure on the tympanic membrane.
Asymptomatic but the pressure may cause pain or ear ache related to pressure.
Otitis externa - ANS ✓Infection of the outer ear (ear canal); "Swimmer's ear" is a
bacterial infection of the external auditory canal and pinna. Severe pain, a red,
swollen ear canal, hearing loss, fever, pruritus. purulent or watery drainage
Ménière's syndrome - ANS ✓An inner ear or labyrinth disorder occurring in adults 30
to 50 years of age. It usually affects only one ear. Severe vertigo, tinnitus, unilateral
hearing loss.
Otosclerosis - ANS ✓An abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. Conductive
deafness, tinnitus, and gradual hearing loss of low and soft sounds
Ruptured Tympanic Membrane - ANS ✓Any type of tear or injury to the eardrum
causes a breach in the integrity of the membrane. This may be the result of
pressure, force, or insult from the exterior aspect, or it may be caused by increased
pressure within the middle ear. Symptoms may include slight pain, partial hearing
loss, or discharge/bleeding from the ear
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) - ANS ✓usually a vestibular system
disorder. The patient complains of his/her head spinning, becoming worse with
movement of the head. They also may complain of a feeling that their surroundings
are moving.
Common Cold (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓Viral infection.
Mucous membranes of the nose and pharynx are swollen and red. Fever, headache,
sore throat, cough. Although difficult to avoid, hand hygiene can help with
prevention. Rest and consumption of fluids to "treat".
Sinusitis (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓Bacterial, secondary to a
cold, that has obstructed a drainage passageway.
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Symptoms: pain in facial bones, congestion, fever, sore throat.
Prevention with hand hygiene, treatment with antibiotics.
Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS
✓Viral infection in toddlers. Upper respiratory congestion, barking cough, hoarse
voice, stridor. Usually recovers on its own but humidifier may help
Influenza (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓Viral infection affecting
upper and lower respiratory tract. Differs from the common cold because it has a
sudden, acute onset with fever, fatigue, and body aches. Secondary problem is
bacterial pneumonia.
Scarlet Fever (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓upper respiratory
infection caused by streptococcus pyrogenes. Fever, sore throat, rash, and
"Strawberry tongue". Can generally be treated with acetaminophen. Antihistamines
reduce secretions. Secondary infection may include strep throat.
Pneumonia (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓S/S:
Inflammation of the lungs: unilateral, bilateral, or all of infected lung
The larger area affected, the more severe
Adults: Cough, fever, shortness of breath at rest, chills, sweating, chest pain,
cyanosis, blood in sputum
Infant/Child: "panting" or shallow, rapid respirations
Aspiration: aspiration of liquids or material into tracheobronchial tree
Treatment:
Based on the cause of the pneumonia
Organism-specific antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia
Tetracycline drugs, erythromycin, doxycycline, sulfonamides
Mycoplasma treat with broad spectrum antibiotics
Fungal infections treat with anti-fungal
Viral infections treat with antiviral agents
Use of analgesics, oxygen therapy, bed rest, increased fluid intake, high calorie diet,
postural drainage beneficial
Prevention:
Pneumococcal vaccine
Cystic Fibrosis (S&S and Tx) - ANS ✓Inherited disorder in childhood. Defect in
exocrine glands causing abnormally thick, tenacious sputum that obstructs the lungs.
Distended abdomen, steatorrhea, failure to maintain weight and hit normal growth
milestones. Requires replacement therapy for pancreatic enzymes, a well balanced
diet, and intensive chest physiotherapy
Lung Cancer (S&S and Tx) - ANS ✓Benign is rare. 3rd most common cancer.
Obstruction of airflow by tumor growth, Inflammation stimulates a cough, and usual
NSG120
NSG120
NSG120/ NSG 120 FINAL EXAM NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
GUIDE| QUESTIONS & ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT
(VERIFIED SOLUTIONS): (NEW 2025/ 2026 U PDATE)
Opportunistic infection - ANS ✓Microbes that are not usually pathogenic but can
become pathogenic when transferred into another location of the body, if the balance
of the species is not maintained, or if the body's defense is impaired.
Stages of Pressure Ulcers - ANS ✓Stage I: Intact skin with non-blanchable redness
of a localized area usually over a bony prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not
have visible blanching; its color may differ from the surrounding area.
Stage II: Partial thickness loss of dermis presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a
red pink wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/ ruptured
serum-filled blister.
Stage III: Full thickness tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible but bone,
tendon or muscle are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the
depth of tissue loss. May include undermining and tunneling.
Stage IV: Full thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Slough or
eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often include undermining
and tunneling. Deep Tissue Injury Purple or maroon localized area of discolored
intact skin or blood-filled blister due to damage of underlying soft tissue from
pressure and/or shear. The area may be preceded by tissue that is painful, firm,
mushy, boggy, warmer or cooler as compared to adjacent tissue.
Unstageable: Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by
slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or black) in
wound bed
Glaucoma signs & symptoms (narrow and open angle) - ANS ✓One of the major
causes of blindness.
Can occur at any age but most common in those over 60.
Narrow angle Glaucoma: occurs when the angle between the cornea and the iris in
the anterior chamber is decreased by factors such as an abnormal anterior insertion
of the iris. With aging, the lens enlarges, pushing the iris more forward and to the
side. Increase in intraocular pressureBlocks aqueous fluid.
NSG120
, 2
NSG120
Chronic Glaucoma (wide angle): Most common form of glaucoma in 1-2% of
population. Trabecular network becomes obstructed. Damage is irreversible and
causes blindness
Retinopathy signs & symptoms (diabetic) - ANS ✓Pathologic alteration of the retinal
blood vessels affecting clarity and sharpness of vision. Characterized by
microaneurysm, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, macular edema, and the
formation of abnormal new vessels (neovascularization). Occurs after DM onset.
Macular degeneration signs & symptoms - ANS ✓Progressive deterioration of the
macula of the retina. Early onset may include distortion of central vision. Usually
painless and does not affect peripheral vision. May eventually lose all central vision.
Otitis Media - ANS ✓inflammation or infection of the middle ear cavity.
Exudate builds up in the ear canal and puts pressure on the tympanic membrane.
Asymptomatic but the pressure may cause pain or ear ache related to pressure.
Otitis externa - ANS ✓Infection of the outer ear (ear canal); "Swimmer's ear" is a
bacterial infection of the external auditory canal and pinna. Severe pain, a red,
swollen ear canal, hearing loss, fever, pruritus. purulent or watery drainage
Ménière's syndrome - ANS ✓An inner ear or labyrinth disorder occurring in adults 30
to 50 years of age. It usually affects only one ear. Severe vertigo, tinnitus, unilateral
hearing loss.
Otosclerosis - ANS ✓An abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. Conductive
deafness, tinnitus, and gradual hearing loss of low and soft sounds
Ruptured Tympanic Membrane - ANS ✓Any type of tear or injury to the eardrum
causes a breach in the integrity of the membrane. This may be the result of
pressure, force, or insult from the exterior aspect, or it may be caused by increased
pressure within the middle ear. Symptoms may include slight pain, partial hearing
loss, or discharge/bleeding from the ear
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) - ANS ✓usually a vestibular system
disorder. The patient complains of his/her head spinning, becoming worse with
movement of the head. They also may complain of a feeling that their surroundings
are moving.
Common Cold (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓Viral infection.
Mucous membranes of the nose and pharynx are swollen and red. Fever, headache,
sore throat, cough. Although difficult to avoid, hand hygiene can help with
prevention. Rest and consumption of fluids to "treat".
Sinusitis (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓Bacterial, secondary to a
cold, that has obstructed a drainage passageway.
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Symptoms: pain in facial bones, congestion, fever, sore throat.
Prevention with hand hygiene, treatment with antibiotics.
Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS
✓Viral infection in toddlers. Upper respiratory congestion, barking cough, hoarse
voice, stridor. Usually recovers on its own but humidifier may help
Influenza (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓Viral infection affecting
upper and lower respiratory tract. Differs from the common cold because it has a
sudden, acute onset with fever, fatigue, and body aches. Secondary problem is
bacterial pneumonia.
Scarlet Fever (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓upper respiratory
infection caused by streptococcus pyrogenes. Fever, sore throat, rash, and
"Strawberry tongue". Can generally be treated with acetaminophen. Antihistamines
reduce secretions. Secondary infection may include strep throat.
Pneumonia (signs/symptoms, treatment, prevention) - ANS ✓S/S:
Inflammation of the lungs: unilateral, bilateral, or all of infected lung
The larger area affected, the more severe
Adults: Cough, fever, shortness of breath at rest, chills, sweating, chest pain,
cyanosis, blood in sputum
Infant/Child: "panting" or shallow, rapid respirations
Aspiration: aspiration of liquids or material into tracheobronchial tree
Treatment:
Based on the cause of the pneumonia
Organism-specific antibiotics for bacterial pneumonia
Tetracycline drugs, erythromycin, doxycycline, sulfonamides
Mycoplasma treat with broad spectrum antibiotics
Fungal infections treat with anti-fungal
Viral infections treat with antiviral agents
Use of analgesics, oxygen therapy, bed rest, increased fluid intake, high calorie diet,
postural drainage beneficial
Prevention:
Pneumococcal vaccine
Cystic Fibrosis (S&S and Tx) - ANS ✓Inherited disorder in childhood. Defect in
exocrine glands causing abnormally thick, tenacious sputum that obstructs the lungs.
Distended abdomen, steatorrhea, failure to maintain weight and hit normal growth
milestones. Requires replacement therapy for pancreatic enzymes, a well balanced
diet, and intensive chest physiotherapy
Lung Cancer (S&S and Tx) - ANS ✓Benign is rare. 3rd most common cancer.
Obstruction of airflow by tumor growth, Inflammation stimulates a cough, and usual
NSG120
