Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018
with David Scott
Cliff Curtis
F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 1
Jason Murgatroyd
CHEMISTRY
PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL AS/A LEVEL
01/06/2018
, Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL. We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:
www.pearsonglobalschools.com Figures
Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018
Figure on page 43 from ‘Mass Number and Isotope’, http://www.shimadzu.com,
Copies of official specifications for all Edexcel qualifications may be found on the copyright © 2014 Shimadzu Corporation. All rights reserved; Figures on page
website: https://qualifications.pearson.com 273 from Education Scotland © Crown copyright 2012; Figures on page 144 from
Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018 ‘Catalysts for a green industry’ Education in Chemistry (Tony Hargreaves),July
Designed by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK 2009, http://www.rsc.org/education/eic/issues/2009July /catalyst-green-chemistry-
Typeset by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK research-industry.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry; Figures on page
Edited by Sarah Ryan and Katharine Godfrey Smith 286 from ‘Five rings good, four rings bad’, Education in Chemistry (Dr Simon
Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Cotton), March 2010, http://www.rsc.org/education/eic/issues/2010Mar/Five Rings
Illustrated by © Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK Good Four Rings Bad.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry.
Cover design © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Text
Cover images: Front: Getty Images: David Malin/Science Faction Extracts on page 36 from ‘Ancient coins’,http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/
Inside front cover: Shutterstock.com/Dmitry Lobanov issues/2006Nov /AncientCoins.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry;
Extract on page 60 from From Stars to Stalagmites: How Everything Connects
The rights of Cliff Curtis, Jason Murgatroyd and David Scott to be identified as by Paul Braterman, World Scientific Publishing Co.,2012, p.76, copyright ©
authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, 2012 World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte Ltd; Extract on page 94 From ‘Cooling
Designs and Patents Act 1988. chemical fuels snowy spat’ by Victoria Gill copyright © 2007 Royal Society of
Chemistry; Extract on page 124 From ‘Alkanes: Natural Products’ by Prof. Dr.
First published 2018 Rainer Herges and Dr. Torsten Winkler translator Dr. Guenter Grethe © Wiley-VCH
21 20 19 18 Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; Extracts on pages 144 and 286 from ‘Catalysts for
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a green industry’http://www.rsc.org/ education/eic/issues /2009July/catalyst-
greenchemistry-research-industry.asp, and ‘Five rings good, four ringsbad’, http://
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data www.rsc.org /education/eic/issues/2010Mar/FiveRingsGoodFour RingsBad.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library asp, copyright ©Royal Society of Chemistry; Extract on page 164 From ‘Organic
ISBN 978 1 2922 4486 0 Chemists Contribute to Renewable Energy’http://www.rsc. org/Membership /
Networking/ InterestGroups/OrganicDivision/organic-chemistry-case-studies/
Copyright notice organic-chemistry-biofuels.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry; Extract
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by on page 180 from ‘How fish keep one step ahead of ice’, New Scientist Magazine,
any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means 02/10/2004, Issue 2467 (Katharine Davis) Copyright © 2004 New Scientist Ltd. All
and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency; Extracts on pages 230
without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with from ‘Some of our selenium is missing’, New Scientist Magazine, 18/11/1995,
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms Issue 2004 (Michelle Knott), copyright © 2002 Reed Business Information. All
of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Barnard’s Inn, 86 Fetter rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency; Extracts on pages 254
Lane, London EC4A 1EN (www.cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner’s from ‘Something in the water…’, New Scientist Magazine, 13/04/2002, Issue
written permission should be addressed to the publisher. 2338 (Emma Young), copyright © 2007 Reed Business Information - UK. All rights
reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency; Extract on page 287 from
Printed in Slovakia by Neografia ‘How athletics is still scarred by the reign of the chemical sisters’, The Daily Mail,
Acknowledgements 06/08/2012 (Matt Lawton), copyright © Solo Syndication, 2012.
The authors and publisher would like to thank the following individuals and Endorsement statement
organisations for permission to reproduce copyright material: In order to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the associated
Pearson qualification, it has been through a review process by the awarding
Photographs body. This process confirmed that this resource fully covers the teaching and
(Key: b-bottom; c-centre; l-left; r-right; t-top) learning content of the specification at which it is aimed. It also confirms that it
demonstrates an appropriate balance betw3een the development of subject skills,
123RF.com: Preecha bamrungrai 116b; Alamy Stock Photo: Annie Eagle 143c, knowledge and understanding, in addition to preparation for assessment.
Bernd Kroger/Insadco Photography 260-261, Brian North Gardens 202l, D. Hurst
121, David Taylor 206, Dbimages 35, E. R. Degginger 199r, GL Archive 42t, Jacek Endorsement does not cover any guidance on assessment activities or processes
Nowak 112, James Harrison 142, Leslie Garland Picture Library 275, Linh Hassel/ (e.g. practice questions or advice on how to answer assessment questions)
Age footstock 42c, MaximImages 90br, Nigel Cattlin 90cr, Paul Fleet 89, Peter D included in the resource, nor does it prescribe any particular approach to the
Noyce 270, Reinhard Dirscherl 143t, RGB Ventures/Superstock 42b, RooM the teaching or delivery of a related course.
Agency 94, Sandy Young 120, Sara Richards 254, Science History Images 34, While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the
Sciencephotos 11, Shawn Hempel 10; Royal Society of Chemistry: 36; Armin qualification and its assessment is accurate, the official specification and
Kubelbeck: 24; Pearson Education: Coleman Yuen 27b, Miguel Domínguez associated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative source of
Muñoz 211, Trevor Clifford 32; Corbis: David Muench 234-235, Ann Johansson information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance.
286; Getty Images: A & F Michler/Photolibrary 90cl, Cybrain/iStock 64-65, Ishan
Hassan/EyeEm Premium 168-169, Jeff Foot/Discovery Channe 230, Jonas Yaya/ Pearson examiners have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant to
EyeEm ixt, 2-3, Jude Evans/Moment 149-150, Katsiaryna Kapusta/iStock 90bl, examination papers for which they have responsibility.
Mario Gutiérrez 98-99, Patrick Orton 184-185, Peepo/E+ 40-41, Photos.com/360
100, Ultra. F/DigitalVision 128-129; NASA: ESA/S. Beckwith (STScI) and The HUDF Examiners will not use endorsed resources as a source of material for any
Team ixc, 61; Omega Pharma: 201b; Science Photo Library: 13, 198r, 201c, assessment set by Pearson. Endorsement of a resource does not mean that the
202r, 205, Andrew Lambert Photography 105, 109, 135, 196, 199c, 210, 216, 221, resource is required to achieve this Pearson qualification, nor does it mean that
266, Carlos Goldin 119, Charles D. Winters 18, 199t, 199b, Hagley Museum And it is the only suitable material available to support the qualification, and nay
Archive 100b, Jannicke Wiik-Nielsen/Vetinst 124, Martyn F. Chillmaid 199l, 217, resource lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other
219l, c, r, Sinclair Stammers 264; Shutterstock: Aleksey Stemmer 207, Christian appropriate resources.
Lagerek 21, Janprachal 227, Martin Nemec 124, Minerva Studio 116t, PhotoSGH
22, Pitsanu Kraichana 12, Sergio Ponomarev 229, wk1003mike 198l, Yellowj 123;
The Bridgeman Art Library Ltd: De Agostini Picture Library/Chomon viii, 17; Veer/
Corbis: Fabrizio 231
All other images © Pearson Education Limited 2018
F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 2 01/06/2018
, CONTENTS iii
COURSE STRUCTURE iv
Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018
ABOUT THIS BOOK viii
PRACTICAL SKILLS x
ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW xii
TOPIC 1 2
TOPIC 2 40
TOPIC 3 64
TOPIC 4 98
TOPIC 5 128
TOPIC 6 148
TOPIC 7 168
TOPIC 8 184
TOPIC 9 234
TOPIC 10 260
MATHS SKILLS 290
PREPARING FOR YOUR EXAMS 296
COMMAND WORDS 302
GLOSSARY 304
PERIODIC TABLE 308
INDEX 309
F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 3 01/06/2018
, iv COURSE STRUCTURE
UNIT 1:
1D EMPIRICAL
2B THE PERIODIC
Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018
AND MOLECULAR TABLE
STRUCTURE,
BONDING AND FORMULAE
1 EMPIRICAL
1 THE PERIODIC TABLE
2 PERIODIC PROPERTIES
56
57
INTRODUCTION
TO ORGANIC FORMULAE26
2 MOLECULAR
FORMULAE 28
THINKING BIGGER60
EXAM PRACTICE62
CHEMISTRY
TOPIC 1
1E CALCULATIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS
TOPIC 3
BONDING AND
FORMULAE,
EQUATIONS AND AND GASES
1 MOLAR VOLUME
STRUCTURE64
AMOUNT OF
SUBSTANCE 2 CALCULATIONS30
2 CONCENTRATIONS
3A IONIC BONDING
1A ATOMS, ELEMENTS OF SOLUTIONS32
3 CONCENTRATIONS
IN PPM 34
1 THE NATURE OF IONIC
BONDING66
2 IONIC RADII AND
AND MOLECULES 4
1B EQUATIONS AND
THINKING BIGGER36
EXAM PRACTICE 38 POLARISATION OF IONS
3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
69
71
REACTION TYPES
1 WRITING CHEMICAL TOPIC 2 3B COVALENT
EQUATIONS6
2 TYPICAL REACTIONS
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
BONDING
OF ACIDS9
3 DISPLACEMENT
AND THE
PERIODIC TABLE40
1 COVALENT BONDING
2 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
72
REACTIONS11
4 PRECIPITATION
AND BOND POLARITY
3 BONDING IN DISCRETE
75
REACTIONS13 2A ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
1 STRUCTURE OF THE
(SIMPLE) MOLECULES
4 DATIVE COVALENT
BONDS80
78
1C ENERGY
1 COMPARING MASSES ATOM AND ISOTOPES
2 MASS SPECTROMETRY
42
3C SHAPES OF
OF SUBSTANCES16
2 CALCULATIONS
AND RELATIVE MASSES
OF ATOMS, ISOTOPES
MOLECULES
1 SHAPES OF MOLECULES
INVOLVING MOLES18 AND MOLECULES44
3 CALCULATIONS USING 3 ATOMIC ORBITALS
AND IONS
2 NON-POLAR AND
82
REACTING MASSES 20 AND ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS48 POLAR MOLECULES84
4 THE YIELD OF
A REACTION 22 4 IONISATION ENERGIES 52
5 ATOM ECONOMY 24
F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 4 01/06/2018
with David Scott
Cliff Curtis
F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 1
Jason Murgatroyd
CHEMISTRY
PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL AS/A LEVEL
01/06/2018
, Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL. We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:
www.pearsonglobalschools.com Figures
Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018
Figure on page 43 from ‘Mass Number and Isotope’, http://www.shimadzu.com,
Copies of official specifications for all Edexcel qualifications may be found on the copyright © 2014 Shimadzu Corporation. All rights reserved; Figures on page
website: https://qualifications.pearson.com 273 from Education Scotland © Crown copyright 2012; Figures on page 144 from
Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018 ‘Catalysts for a green industry’ Education in Chemistry (Tony Hargreaves),July
Designed by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK 2009, http://www.rsc.org/education/eic/issues/2009July /catalyst-green-chemistry-
Typeset by Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK research-industry.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry; Figures on page
Edited by Sarah Ryan and Katharine Godfrey Smith 286 from ‘Five rings good, four rings bad’, Education in Chemistry (Dr Simon
Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Cotton), March 2010, http://www.rsc.org/education/eic/issues/2010Mar/Five Rings
Illustrated by © Tech-Set Ltd, Gateshead, UK Good Four Rings Bad.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry.
Cover design © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Text
Cover images: Front: Getty Images: David Malin/Science Faction Extracts on page 36 from ‘Ancient coins’,http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/
Inside front cover: Shutterstock.com/Dmitry Lobanov issues/2006Nov /AncientCoins.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry;
Extract on page 60 from From Stars to Stalagmites: How Everything Connects
The rights of Cliff Curtis, Jason Murgatroyd and David Scott to be identified as by Paul Braterman, World Scientific Publishing Co.,2012, p.76, copyright ©
authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, 2012 World Scientific Publishing Co.Pte Ltd; Extract on page 94 From ‘Cooling
Designs and Patents Act 1988. chemical fuels snowy spat’ by Victoria Gill copyright © 2007 Royal Society of
Chemistry; Extract on page 124 From ‘Alkanes: Natural Products’ by Prof. Dr.
First published 2018 Rainer Herges and Dr. Torsten Winkler translator Dr. Guenter Grethe © Wiley-VCH
21 20 19 18 Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; Extracts on pages 144 and 286 from ‘Catalysts for
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 a green industry’http://www.rsc.org/ education/eic/issues /2009July/catalyst-
greenchemistry-research-industry.asp, and ‘Five rings good, four ringsbad’, http://
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data www.rsc.org /education/eic/issues/2010Mar/FiveRingsGoodFour RingsBad.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library asp, copyright ©Royal Society of Chemistry; Extract on page 164 From ‘Organic
ISBN 978 1 2922 4486 0 Chemists Contribute to Renewable Energy’http://www.rsc. org/Membership /
Networking/ InterestGroups/OrganicDivision/organic-chemistry-case-studies/
Copyright notice organic-chemistry-biofuels.asp, copyright © Royal Society of Chemistry; Extract
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by on page 180 from ‘How fish keep one step ahead of ice’, New Scientist Magazine,
any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means 02/10/2004, Issue 2467 (Katharine Davis) Copyright © 2004 New Scientist Ltd. All
and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency; Extracts on pages 230
without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with from ‘Some of our selenium is missing’, New Scientist Magazine, 18/11/1995,
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms Issue 2004 (Michelle Knott), copyright © 2002 Reed Business Information. All
of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Barnard’s Inn, 86 Fetter rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency; Extracts on pages 254
Lane, London EC4A 1EN (www.cla.co.uk). Applications for the copyright owner’s from ‘Something in the water…’, New Scientist Magazine, 13/04/2002, Issue
written permission should be addressed to the publisher. 2338 (Emma Young), copyright © 2007 Reed Business Information - UK. All rights
reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency; Extract on page 287 from
Printed in Slovakia by Neografia ‘How athletics is still scarred by the reign of the chemical sisters’, The Daily Mail,
Acknowledgements 06/08/2012 (Matt Lawton), copyright © Solo Syndication, 2012.
The authors and publisher would like to thank the following individuals and Endorsement statement
organisations for permission to reproduce copyright material: In order to ensure that this resource offers high-quality support for the associated
Pearson qualification, it has been through a review process by the awarding
Photographs body. This process confirmed that this resource fully covers the teaching and
(Key: b-bottom; c-centre; l-left; r-right; t-top) learning content of the specification at which it is aimed. It also confirms that it
demonstrates an appropriate balance betw3een the development of subject skills,
123RF.com: Preecha bamrungrai 116b; Alamy Stock Photo: Annie Eagle 143c, knowledge and understanding, in addition to preparation for assessment.
Bernd Kroger/Insadco Photography 260-261, Brian North Gardens 202l, D. Hurst
121, David Taylor 206, Dbimages 35, E. R. Degginger 199r, GL Archive 42t, Jacek Endorsement does not cover any guidance on assessment activities or processes
Nowak 112, James Harrison 142, Leslie Garland Picture Library 275, Linh Hassel/ (e.g. practice questions or advice on how to answer assessment questions)
Age footstock 42c, MaximImages 90br, Nigel Cattlin 90cr, Paul Fleet 89, Peter D included in the resource, nor does it prescribe any particular approach to the
Noyce 270, Reinhard Dirscherl 143t, RGB Ventures/Superstock 42b, RooM the teaching or delivery of a related course.
Agency 94, Sandy Young 120, Sara Richards 254, Science History Images 34, While the publishers have made every attempt to ensure that advice on the
Sciencephotos 11, Shawn Hempel 10; Royal Society of Chemistry: 36; Armin qualification and its assessment is accurate, the official specification and
Kubelbeck: 24; Pearson Education: Coleman Yuen 27b, Miguel Domínguez associated assessment guidance materials are the only authoritative source of
Muñoz 211, Trevor Clifford 32; Corbis: David Muench 234-235, Ann Johansson information and should always be referred to for definitive guidance.
286; Getty Images: A & F Michler/Photolibrary 90cl, Cybrain/iStock 64-65, Ishan
Hassan/EyeEm Premium 168-169, Jeff Foot/Discovery Channe 230, Jonas Yaya/ Pearson examiners have not contributed to any sections in this resource relevant to
EyeEm ixt, 2-3, Jude Evans/Moment 149-150, Katsiaryna Kapusta/iStock 90bl, examination papers for which they have responsibility.
Mario Gutiérrez 98-99, Patrick Orton 184-185, Peepo/E+ 40-41, Photos.com/360
100, Ultra. F/DigitalVision 128-129; NASA: ESA/S. Beckwith (STScI) and The HUDF Examiners will not use endorsed resources as a source of material for any
Team ixc, 61; Omega Pharma: 201b; Science Photo Library: 13, 198r, 201c, assessment set by Pearson. Endorsement of a resource does not mean that the
202r, 205, Andrew Lambert Photography 105, 109, 135, 196, 199c, 210, 216, 221, resource is required to achieve this Pearson qualification, nor does it mean that
266, Carlos Goldin 119, Charles D. Winters 18, 199t, 199b, Hagley Museum And it is the only suitable material available to support the qualification, and nay
Archive 100b, Jannicke Wiik-Nielsen/Vetinst 124, Martyn F. Chillmaid 199l, 217, resource lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other
219l, c, r, Sinclair Stammers 264; Shutterstock: Aleksey Stemmer 207, Christian appropriate resources.
Lagerek 21, Janprachal 227, Martin Nemec 124, Minerva Studio 116t, PhotoSGH
22, Pitsanu Kraichana 12, Sergio Ponomarev 229, wk1003mike 198l, Yellowj 123;
The Bridgeman Art Library Ltd: De Agostini Picture Library/Chomon viii, 17; Veer/
Corbis: Fabrizio 231
All other images © Pearson Education Limited 2018
F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 2 01/06/2018
, CONTENTS iii
COURSE STRUCTURE iv
Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018
ABOUT THIS BOOK viii
PRACTICAL SKILLS x
ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW xii
TOPIC 1 2
TOPIC 2 40
TOPIC 3 64
TOPIC 4 98
TOPIC 5 128
TOPIC 6 148
TOPIC 7 168
TOPIC 8 184
TOPIC 9 234
TOPIC 10 260
MATHS SKILLS 290
PREPARING FOR YOUR EXAMS 296
COMMAND WORDS 302
GLOSSARY 304
PERIODIC TABLE 308
INDEX 309
F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 3 01/06/2018
, iv COURSE STRUCTURE
UNIT 1:
1D EMPIRICAL
2B THE PERIODIC
Uncorrected proof, all content subject to change at publisher discretion. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. ©Pearson 2018
AND MOLECULAR TABLE
STRUCTURE,
BONDING AND FORMULAE
1 EMPIRICAL
1 THE PERIODIC TABLE
2 PERIODIC PROPERTIES
56
57
INTRODUCTION
TO ORGANIC FORMULAE26
2 MOLECULAR
FORMULAE 28
THINKING BIGGER60
EXAM PRACTICE62
CHEMISTRY
TOPIC 1
1E CALCULATIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS
TOPIC 3
BONDING AND
FORMULAE,
EQUATIONS AND AND GASES
1 MOLAR VOLUME
STRUCTURE64
AMOUNT OF
SUBSTANCE 2 CALCULATIONS30
2 CONCENTRATIONS
3A IONIC BONDING
1A ATOMS, ELEMENTS OF SOLUTIONS32
3 CONCENTRATIONS
IN PPM 34
1 THE NATURE OF IONIC
BONDING66
2 IONIC RADII AND
AND MOLECULES 4
1B EQUATIONS AND
THINKING BIGGER36
EXAM PRACTICE 38 POLARISATION OF IONS
3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
69
71
REACTION TYPES
1 WRITING CHEMICAL TOPIC 2 3B COVALENT
EQUATIONS6
2 TYPICAL REACTIONS
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
BONDING
OF ACIDS9
3 DISPLACEMENT
AND THE
PERIODIC TABLE40
1 COVALENT BONDING
2 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
72
REACTIONS11
4 PRECIPITATION
AND BOND POLARITY
3 BONDING IN DISCRETE
75
REACTIONS13 2A ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
1 STRUCTURE OF THE
(SIMPLE) MOLECULES
4 DATIVE COVALENT
BONDS80
78
1C ENERGY
1 COMPARING MASSES ATOM AND ISOTOPES
2 MASS SPECTROMETRY
42
3C SHAPES OF
OF SUBSTANCES16
2 CALCULATIONS
AND RELATIVE MASSES
OF ATOMS, ISOTOPES
MOLECULES
1 SHAPES OF MOLECULES
INVOLVING MOLES18 AND MOLECULES44
3 CALCULATIONS USING 3 ATOMIC ORBITALS
AND IONS
2 NON-POLAR AND
82
REACTING MASSES 20 AND ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATIONS48 POLAR MOLECULES84
4 THE YIELD OF
A REACTION 22 4 IONISATION ENERGIES 52
5 ATOM ECONOMY 24
F01_IASL_CHEM_44860_PRE_i-xiii.indd 4 01/06/2018
