PRASHANT KIRAD Nutrition in Plants
LIFE PROCESSES
The basic functions performed by living organisms to
maintain their life on this earth Absorption of Conversion of light energy Reduction of
light energy by to chemical energy and carbon dioxide
Nutrition Photosynthesis is the process of capturing light splitting of water molecules to
chlorophyll
energy and transforming it into chemical energy into hydrogen and oxygen. carbohydrates
(glucose). (Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition intermediate which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the
Organisms that prepare their own Organisms that are dependent on other chlorophyll during the day)
Pore like structure
food. e.g., Green plants, Algae, etc. organisms for food. E.g., Animals, fungi, etc.
Gaseous exchange photosynthesis
(stems, roots & leaves)
opening and closening of stomata
guard cells swell -> when water flows into them -> causing the
stomatal pore to open (endosmosis)
Holozoic nutrition: involves organisms Saprophytic nutrition: Parasitic nutrition:
pore closes -> the guard cells shrink (exosmosis)
ingesting whole food material, which Organisms feed on dead Organisms derive nutrition
is then digested and absorbed inside and decaying matter. from plants or animals
their bodies. Examples include: Food is digested externally without killing them. They Nutrition in Humans Ingestion – Food intake through the
Animals - [Herbivores: Cow, goat], and then nutrients are obtain nutrition by living on mouth.
[Carnivores: Lion, tiger], [Omnivores: absorbed. e.g. Bread mold, or inside the host. e.g. Teeth – Chewing and grinding of food.
Human beings], Unicellular organisms: Mushroom, Yeast. Tapeworm, Lice. Salivary Glands – Secretes saliva,
Amoeba, Paramecium wets food, contains salivary amylase
(starch → maltose).
Swallowing & Peristalsis – Moves food
from mouth to stomach.
Stomach – J-shaped organ, expands
Nutrition with food, muscular walls mix food
with digestive juices.
in
Gastric Juice – Pepsin (breaks
Amoeba proteins), HCl (acidic medium), Mucus
(protects stomach lining).
Small Intestine – Receives:
Bile (Liver) – Emulsifies fat.
Pancreatic Juice (Pancreas) – Trypsin
(proteins), Lipase (fats), Pancreatic
amylase (carbs).
Absorption – 5-7m long, secretes intestinal enzymes, villi absorb nutrients. Respiration in Humans
Large Intestine – Absorbs excess water, unabsorbed food moves ahead.
Egestion – Waste elimination. Nostrils: Air enters the body.
Nasal Cavity: Filters, warms, and
Alimentary canal: A long hollow tube which contains organs through moistens air; removes dirt.
which the food actually passes (Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, Pharynx: Common passage for food
and air.
large intestine, etc.)
Larynx: Contains vocal cords;
Respiration is the process by which food is burnt produces sound.
Respiration in the cells (mitochondria) of the body with the Trachea: Windpipe carrying air to
help of oxygen to release energy. Energy is lungs.
Bronchus: Trachea splits into two
stored in the cells in the form of ATP molecules. bronchi, leading to lungs.
Bronchioles: Smaller branches of
Breathing Respiration bronchi inside lungs.
Alveolus: Air sacs for gas exchange;
● Physical process
● Biochemical process oxygen enters blood, CO₂ exits.
● No enzymes involved
● Large number of enzymes are involved Blood: Transports oxygen to cells and
● Confined to certain organs
● Occurs in all the cells of the body removes CO₂.
● No energy is released; rather,
energy is used ● Energy is released in the form of ATP
Diaphragm and ribs: These structures facilitate breathing by changing the size
● Extracellular process ● Intracellular process
of the chest cavity. When we breathe in, the ribs lift, and the diaphragm
● Intake of fresh air and removal of ● Oxidation of food to form carbon
flattens, expanding the chest cavity and allowing air to be sucked into the lungs.
foul air dioxide, water, and energy
Transportation
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1. Blood: Fluid connective tissue that transports nutrients, waste, and gases.
Occurs in the presence of oxygen. Occurs in the absence of oxygen. Blood Cells:
Takes place in the mitochondria. Takes place in the cytoplasm. Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Contain hemoglobin, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Complete breakdown of glucose. Incomplete breakdown of glucose. White Blood Cells (WBCs): Provide immunity by producing antibodies.
Produces CO₂, H₂O, and energy Produces less energy (2 ATP). Plasma: Fluid medium carrying nutrients, waste, and other substances.
(ATP). By-products: Platelets: Help in blood clotting and maintaining pressure.
Yields more energy (~36 ATP). In yeast: Alcohol and CO₂. 2. Blood Vessels:
In muscles: Lactic acid (causes muscle Arteries:
cramps). Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Thick, elastic walls.
High pressure.
Veins:
Carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart.
Thin walls, contain valves.
Low pressure.
Capillaries:
Link arteries and veins.
Extremely thin walls for exchange of gases and nutrients.
3. Heart
Lymphatic System: Lymph: Colorless fluid carrying digested fats and excess
tissue fluid.
Function: Drains into lymphatic capillaries and then into veins.
Helps in fat absorption and returns excess tissue fluid to blood.
LIFE PROCESSES
The basic functions performed by living organisms to
maintain their life on this earth Absorption of Conversion of light energy Reduction of
light energy by to chemical energy and carbon dioxide
Nutrition Photosynthesis is the process of capturing light splitting of water molecules to
chlorophyll
energy and transforming it into chemical energy into hydrogen and oxygen. carbohydrates
(glucose). (Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition intermediate which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the
Organisms that prepare their own Organisms that are dependent on other chlorophyll during the day)
Pore like structure
food. e.g., Green plants, Algae, etc. organisms for food. E.g., Animals, fungi, etc.
Gaseous exchange photosynthesis
(stems, roots & leaves)
opening and closening of stomata
guard cells swell -> when water flows into them -> causing the
stomatal pore to open (endosmosis)
Holozoic nutrition: involves organisms Saprophytic nutrition: Parasitic nutrition:
pore closes -> the guard cells shrink (exosmosis)
ingesting whole food material, which Organisms feed on dead Organisms derive nutrition
is then digested and absorbed inside and decaying matter. from plants or animals
their bodies. Examples include: Food is digested externally without killing them. They Nutrition in Humans Ingestion – Food intake through the
Animals - [Herbivores: Cow, goat], and then nutrients are obtain nutrition by living on mouth.
[Carnivores: Lion, tiger], [Omnivores: absorbed. e.g. Bread mold, or inside the host. e.g. Teeth – Chewing and grinding of food.
Human beings], Unicellular organisms: Mushroom, Yeast. Tapeworm, Lice. Salivary Glands – Secretes saliva,
Amoeba, Paramecium wets food, contains salivary amylase
(starch → maltose).
Swallowing & Peristalsis – Moves food
from mouth to stomach.
Stomach – J-shaped organ, expands
Nutrition with food, muscular walls mix food
with digestive juices.
in
Gastric Juice – Pepsin (breaks
Amoeba proteins), HCl (acidic medium), Mucus
(protects stomach lining).
Small Intestine – Receives:
Bile (Liver) – Emulsifies fat.
Pancreatic Juice (Pancreas) – Trypsin
(proteins), Lipase (fats), Pancreatic
amylase (carbs).
Absorption – 5-7m long, secretes intestinal enzymes, villi absorb nutrients. Respiration in Humans
Large Intestine – Absorbs excess water, unabsorbed food moves ahead.
Egestion – Waste elimination. Nostrils: Air enters the body.
Nasal Cavity: Filters, warms, and
Alimentary canal: A long hollow tube which contains organs through moistens air; removes dirt.
which the food actually passes (Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, Pharynx: Common passage for food
and air.
large intestine, etc.)
Larynx: Contains vocal cords;
Respiration is the process by which food is burnt produces sound.
Respiration in the cells (mitochondria) of the body with the Trachea: Windpipe carrying air to
help of oxygen to release energy. Energy is lungs.
Bronchus: Trachea splits into two
stored in the cells in the form of ATP molecules. bronchi, leading to lungs.
Bronchioles: Smaller branches of
Breathing Respiration bronchi inside lungs.
Alveolus: Air sacs for gas exchange;
● Physical process
● Biochemical process oxygen enters blood, CO₂ exits.
● No enzymes involved
● Large number of enzymes are involved Blood: Transports oxygen to cells and
● Confined to certain organs
● Occurs in all the cells of the body removes CO₂.
● No energy is released; rather,
energy is used ● Energy is released in the form of ATP
Diaphragm and ribs: These structures facilitate breathing by changing the size
● Extracellular process ● Intracellular process
of the chest cavity. When we breathe in, the ribs lift, and the diaphragm
● Intake of fresh air and removal of ● Oxidation of food to form carbon
flattens, expanding the chest cavity and allowing air to be sucked into the lungs.
foul air dioxide, water, and energy
Transportation
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
1. Blood: Fluid connective tissue that transports nutrients, waste, and gases.
Occurs in the presence of oxygen. Occurs in the absence of oxygen. Blood Cells:
Takes place in the mitochondria. Takes place in the cytoplasm. Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Contain hemoglobin, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Complete breakdown of glucose. Incomplete breakdown of glucose. White Blood Cells (WBCs): Provide immunity by producing antibodies.
Produces CO₂, H₂O, and energy Produces less energy (2 ATP). Plasma: Fluid medium carrying nutrients, waste, and other substances.
(ATP). By-products: Platelets: Help in blood clotting and maintaining pressure.
Yields more energy (~36 ATP). In yeast: Alcohol and CO₂. 2. Blood Vessels:
In muscles: Lactic acid (causes muscle Arteries:
cramps). Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Thick, elastic walls.
High pressure.
Veins:
Carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart.
Thin walls, contain valves.
Low pressure.
Capillaries:
Link arteries and veins.
Extremely thin walls for exchange of gases and nutrients.
3. Heart
Lymphatic System: Lymph: Colorless fluid carrying digested fats and excess
tissue fluid.
Function: Drains into lymphatic capillaries and then into veins.
Helps in fat absorption and returns excess tissue fluid to blood.
