How Do Organisms Reproduce Fragmentation : The organism breaks up into small pieces upon
PRASHANT KIRAD
Reproduction: is a biological process by which living organisms maturation, each piece develops into new individual. E.g spirogyra.
produces new individuals similar to themselves. It ensures continuity Regeneration: If organism is somehow cut or broken into many
of life on earth and helps in evolution of species. pieces each piece growns into a complete organism. Example -
Planaria, Hydra.
DNA: (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is thread-like structure that carries
all information about our traits and is passed from one generation to Budding: A bud is formed which develops into tiny individual. It
the next. detaches from parent body upon maturation and develops into
Errors in Copying Variations in DNA new individual. Example - Hydra
DNA Copying (Biochemical
Process
➔ ➔ (DNA is not identical Spore formation : Spores are small bulb like structures which
reactions are not to the original) are covered by thick walls. Under favourable conditions, they
fully reliable) germinate and produce new organism.
Mild/Moderate Variation ➔
Extreme Variation ➔ vegetative propagation: In many plants, new plants develops
No severe consequences
New cell can't function from vegetative parts.
(Cell continues to function
➔ Cell dies Benefits of Vegetative Propagation
normally
Importance of Variation: Quick and cheap method to produce many plants.
(i) Variation helps organisms adapt to changing environments. Disease-free plants can be produced.
(ii) It provides stability to a species and supports evolution. Desired traits can be introduced.
(iii) DNA variation leads to different forms of a species and the Genetically identical plants are produced.
creation of new species. Almost 100% survival rate of new plants.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TYPES OF REPRODUCTION Tissue Culture
Tissue culture: Growing new plants from small plant pieces.
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
Cells from growing tip placed in artificial medium form a callus.
A single individual give rise to Two individuals, i.e one male and Callus is moved to a hormone-rich medium for growth and
new individual. one female need development.
Gametes are not formed Gametes are formed. Plantlets are transferred to soil to mature.
New Individual is identical to New Individual is genetically Many disease-free plants are grown from one parent.
parents similar but not identical to parent Commonly used for ornamental plants.
It is extremely useful as a means It is useful to generate more Sexual reproduction:
of rapid multiplication. variations in species. When reproduction takes
Example - Microorganisms Example - plants and humans place as a result of the
fusion of male and female
MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
gametes is called Sexual
Fission : The parent cell divides into daughter cells.
reproduction.
Reproduction in Plants It does not lead to genetic diversity.
Cross pollination
Parts Function It is the transfer of pollen to stigma of another flower of the
same plant or another plant of same kind.
Sepals Usually green and provide protection to flower during
It takes place both in unisexual and bisexual f!owners
bud stage
It leads to genetic diversity.
Petals Brighly coloured and have strong fragrance to attract
pollinators
Anther Produces pollen grain which consists male gametes
Filament It forms the stalk that bears anther
Reproduction in human beings
Stigma Recievea pollen grain during pollination
Puberty The period of life when production of germ cells, i.e
Style Elongated structure, connects stigma and ovary, pollen ova (female) and sperm (male) start in the body.
tube travel through the style to reach the ovule.
IN GIRLS
Ovary Basal swallen part of pistil, converts into fruit after Breast size begin to increase.
fertilization. Girls begin to menstruate.
Ovule Present inside ovary, consists of female gamete, site of Thick hair growth in armpits and genital
fertilization. area. These changes signs
Reproduction in plants Skin becomes oily, may result in pimples. that sexual maturity is
IN BOYS taking place.
Stamen/Male Pistil/Carpel/Female
reproductive organ reproductive organ Thick hair growth on face.
BISEXUAL: Both stamen UNISEXUAL: either stamen or pistil is Voice begin to crack.
and pistil are present in a present. E.g., Papaya, Watermelon, Thick hair growth in armpits and genital area.
same flower. E.g., Rose, lily Skin becomes oily may result in pimples.
PARTS OF SEED Primary sex organs
COTYLEDON Males Females
SEED COAT Sperm cell Egg cell
EMPRYO
Male sex hormon Female Sex hormone
PLUMULE
RADICLE Human female reproductive system
Reproduction in plants
Ovaries: A pair located on both sides of the abdomen.
Pollination The process of transferring of pollen grain from anther Function: Produce female germ cells (eggs).
of a flower to the stigma.
At birth, thousands of immature eggs are present.
Self pollination It is transfer of pollen to stigma of the same f!ower. At puberty, some eggs start maturing.
It is occurs only in bisxual flower One egg is released monthly from one ovary.
PRASHANT KIRAD
Reproduction: is a biological process by which living organisms maturation, each piece develops into new individual. E.g spirogyra.
produces new individuals similar to themselves. It ensures continuity Regeneration: If organism is somehow cut or broken into many
of life on earth and helps in evolution of species. pieces each piece growns into a complete organism. Example -
Planaria, Hydra.
DNA: (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) is thread-like structure that carries
all information about our traits and is passed from one generation to Budding: A bud is formed which develops into tiny individual. It
the next. detaches from parent body upon maturation and develops into
Errors in Copying Variations in DNA new individual. Example - Hydra
DNA Copying (Biochemical
Process
➔ ➔ (DNA is not identical Spore formation : Spores are small bulb like structures which
reactions are not to the original) are covered by thick walls. Under favourable conditions, they
fully reliable) germinate and produce new organism.
Mild/Moderate Variation ➔
Extreme Variation ➔ vegetative propagation: In many plants, new plants develops
No severe consequences
New cell can't function from vegetative parts.
(Cell continues to function
➔ Cell dies Benefits of Vegetative Propagation
normally
Importance of Variation: Quick and cheap method to produce many plants.
(i) Variation helps organisms adapt to changing environments. Disease-free plants can be produced.
(ii) It provides stability to a species and supports evolution. Desired traits can be introduced.
(iii) DNA variation leads to different forms of a species and the Genetically identical plants are produced.
creation of new species. Almost 100% survival rate of new plants.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TYPES OF REPRODUCTION Tissue Culture
Tissue culture: Growing new plants from small plant pieces.
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
Cells from growing tip placed in artificial medium form a callus.
A single individual give rise to Two individuals, i.e one male and Callus is moved to a hormone-rich medium for growth and
new individual. one female need development.
Gametes are not formed Gametes are formed. Plantlets are transferred to soil to mature.
New Individual is identical to New Individual is genetically Many disease-free plants are grown from one parent.
parents similar but not identical to parent Commonly used for ornamental plants.
It is extremely useful as a means It is useful to generate more Sexual reproduction:
of rapid multiplication. variations in species. When reproduction takes
Example - Microorganisms Example - plants and humans place as a result of the
fusion of male and female
MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
gametes is called Sexual
Fission : The parent cell divides into daughter cells.
reproduction.
Reproduction in Plants It does not lead to genetic diversity.
Cross pollination
Parts Function It is the transfer of pollen to stigma of another flower of the
same plant or another plant of same kind.
Sepals Usually green and provide protection to flower during
It takes place both in unisexual and bisexual f!owners
bud stage
It leads to genetic diversity.
Petals Brighly coloured and have strong fragrance to attract
pollinators
Anther Produces pollen grain which consists male gametes
Filament It forms the stalk that bears anther
Reproduction in human beings
Stigma Recievea pollen grain during pollination
Puberty The period of life when production of germ cells, i.e
Style Elongated structure, connects stigma and ovary, pollen ova (female) and sperm (male) start in the body.
tube travel through the style to reach the ovule.
IN GIRLS
Ovary Basal swallen part of pistil, converts into fruit after Breast size begin to increase.
fertilization. Girls begin to menstruate.
Ovule Present inside ovary, consists of female gamete, site of Thick hair growth in armpits and genital
fertilization. area. These changes signs
Reproduction in plants Skin becomes oily, may result in pimples. that sexual maturity is
IN BOYS taking place.
Stamen/Male Pistil/Carpel/Female
reproductive organ reproductive organ Thick hair growth on face.
BISEXUAL: Both stamen UNISEXUAL: either stamen or pistil is Voice begin to crack.
and pistil are present in a present. E.g., Papaya, Watermelon, Thick hair growth in armpits and genital area.
same flower. E.g., Rose, lily Skin becomes oily may result in pimples.
PARTS OF SEED Primary sex organs
COTYLEDON Males Females
SEED COAT Sperm cell Egg cell
EMPRYO
Male sex hormon Female Sex hormone
PLUMULE
RADICLE Human female reproductive system
Reproduction in plants
Ovaries: A pair located on both sides of the abdomen.
Pollination The process of transferring of pollen grain from anther Function: Produce female germ cells (eggs).
of a flower to the stigma.
At birth, thousands of immature eggs are present.
Self pollination It is transfer of pollen to stigma of the same f!ower. At puberty, some eggs start maturing.
It is occurs only in bisxual flower One egg is released monthly from one ovary.
