PRASHANT KIRAD Non living organisms
OUR ENVIROMENT Aboitic Components
Environment: everything that is around us, which includes both
living and nonliving things such as soil, water, animals and plants,
which adapt themselves to their surroundings. Physical factors Chemical factors
Ecosystem: a community of living organisms and their physical
Air Protein,
environment that interact together in a specific area Organic
Water fats
Natural ecosystem The ecosystem which exist in nature on its own.
Example: forest, lake, ocean. Minerals
Inorganic Hydrogen
Soil ,Oxygen
Aquatic Territorial
Fundamental energy driving our climate system Sunlight
Environment Ecosystem
Marine Fresh water Forest Desert Grassland
The physical and biological A system where living (biotic) and
surroundings where organisms live. non-living (abiotic) components
Artificial ecosystem interact.
Man-made ecosystem. (Aquarium, Garden, Crop field etc ) Includes all the external conditions Includes interactions like food
Components of Ecosystem affecting an organism's life. chains, food webs, and nutrient
Living Organism cycles.
Biotic components Environment changes as an Ecosystems remain stable
organism moves from one place to regardless of an organism's
another. movement.
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
Producers Consumers Decomposers How Ecosystem Works?
1. Sunlight – Primary energy source.
All green plants and
blue green algae can Include all animals Include organisms which 2. Producers – Plants make food via photosynthesis.
produce their own food which depend on decompose the dead plants 3. Herbivores – Eat plants (Primary consumers).
using abiotic factors. producers directly or and animals. Example:
indirectly for their food bacteria, fungi, earthworms 4. Carnivores – Eat animals (Secondary/Tertiary consumers).
5. Decomposers – Break down dead organisms.
(i) Herbivores: Plant Eaters e.g., goat, deer, etc.
6. Nutrient Recycling – Nutrients return to soil for reuse.
(ii) Carnivores: Flesh Eaters e.g., tiger, crocodile, etc. Food Chain: A series of organisms feeding on one another.
(iii) Omnivores: Eat both plants and animals e.g., human.
Food web: is a network of interconnected food chains showing
complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
It demonstrates how each organism can be consumed by multiple
organisms and vice versa.
Trophic level
It is the position an organism occupies in a food Food Chain Food Web
chain, based on its role in the flow of energy
First Level: Autotrophs/Producers (e.g., green plants) A linear sequence of A complex network of
Fix solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. organisms where each is interconnected food chains in an
Second Level: Herbivores/Primary Consumers eaten by the next organism. ecosystem.
Third Level: Small carnivores/Secondary Consumers
Fourth Level: Larger carnivores/Tertiary Consumers Simple and straightforward,
Complex and branched, showing
showing one pathway of
multiple pathways of energy flow.
energy flow.
Each organism is linked to Each organism is connected to
The 10% law of energy transfer, proposed by Raymond Lindeman, only one other organism at multiple organisms at different
states that only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is passed the next trophic level. trophic levels.
on to the next level in a food chain. The remaining 90% is lost as
heat, during movement, growth, and other life processes. Less stable; affected if one More stable; removal of one
Green plants capture 1% of solar energy falling on their leaves. organism is removed from organism has less impact due to
the chain. multiple connections.
At each trophic level: Heat loss: A large part of energy is lost
as heat to the environment. 10% Rule: Only 10% of the
consumed energy is converted into biomass and made available Energy flows in a single Energy flows through multiple
to the next level. direction (unidirectional). interconnected pathways.
Due to energy loss, food chains are usually limited to 3-4 levels.
Producers are the most numerous, with numbers decreasing Example: Grass is eaten by
progressively at higher trophic levels. Example: Grass →
grasshoppers, rabbits, or deer,
Grasshopper → Frog →
which are eaten by frogs, hawks,
Bio magnification: Progressive accumulation of harmful chemicals Snake → Hawk
or lions.
(e.g., pesticides) in organisms at higher trophic levels.
OUR ENVIROMENT Aboitic Components
Environment: everything that is around us, which includes both
living and nonliving things such as soil, water, animals and plants,
which adapt themselves to their surroundings. Physical factors Chemical factors
Ecosystem: a community of living organisms and their physical
Air Protein,
environment that interact together in a specific area Organic
Water fats
Natural ecosystem The ecosystem which exist in nature on its own.
Example: forest, lake, ocean. Minerals
Inorganic Hydrogen
Soil ,Oxygen
Aquatic Territorial
Fundamental energy driving our climate system Sunlight
Environment Ecosystem
Marine Fresh water Forest Desert Grassland
The physical and biological A system where living (biotic) and
surroundings where organisms live. non-living (abiotic) components
Artificial ecosystem interact.
Man-made ecosystem. (Aquarium, Garden, Crop field etc ) Includes all the external conditions Includes interactions like food
Components of Ecosystem affecting an organism's life. chains, food webs, and nutrient
Living Organism cycles.
Biotic components Environment changes as an Ecosystems remain stable
organism moves from one place to regardless of an organism's
another. movement.
Autotrophs Heterotrophs
Producers Consumers Decomposers How Ecosystem Works?
1. Sunlight – Primary energy source.
All green plants and
blue green algae can Include all animals Include organisms which 2. Producers – Plants make food via photosynthesis.
produce their own food which depend on decompose the dead plants 3. Herbivores – Eat plants (Primary consumers).
using abiotic factors. producers directly or and animals. Example:
indirectly for their food bacteria, fungi, earthworms 4. Carnivores – Eat animals (Secondary/Tertiary consumers).
5. Decomposers – Break down dead organisms.
(i) Herbivores: Plant Eaters e.g., goat, deer, etc.
6. Nutrient Recycling – Nutrients return to soil for reuse.
(ii) Carnivores: Flesh Eaters e.g., tiger, crocodile, etc. Food Chain: A series of organisms feeding on one another.
(iii) Omnivores: Eat both plants and animals e.g., human.
Food web: is a network of interconnected food chains showing
complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
It demonstrates how each organism can be consumed by multiple
organisms and vice versa.
Trophic level
It is the position an organism occupies in a food Food Chain Food Web
chain, based on its role in the flow of energy
First Level: Autotrophs/Producers (e.g., green plants) A linear sequence of A complex network of
Fix solar energy and convert it into chemical energy. organisms where each is interconnected food chains in an
Second Level: Herbivores/Primary Consumers eaten by the next organism. ecosystem.
Third Level: Small carnivores/Secondary Consumers
Fourth Level: Larger carnivores/Tertiary Consumers Simple and straightforward,
Complex and branched, showing
showing one pathway of
multiple pathways of energy flow.
energy flow.
Each organism is linked to Each organism is connected to
The 10% law of energy transfer, proposed by Raymond Lindeman, only one other organism at multiple organisms at different
states that only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is passed the next trophic level. trophic levels.
on to the next level in a food chain. The remaining 90% is lost as
heat, during movement, growth, and other life processes. Less stable; affected if one More stable; removal of one
Green plants capture 1% of solar energy falling on their leaves. organism is removed from organism has less impact due to
the chain. multiple connections.
At each trophic level: Heat loss: A large part of energy is lost
as heat to the environment. 10% Rule: Only 10% of the
consumed energy is converted into biomass and made available Energy flows in a single Energy flows through multiple
to the next level. direction (unidirectional). interconnected pathways.
Due to energy loss, food chains are usually limited to 3-4 levels.
Producers are the most numerous, with numbers decreasing Example: Grass is eaten by
progressively at higher trophic levels. Example: Grass →
grasshoppers, rabbits, or deer,
Grasshopper → Frog →
which are eaten by frogs, hawks,
Bio magnification: Progressive accumulation of harmful chemicals Snake → Hawk
or lions.
(e.g., pesticides) in organisms at higher trophic levels.
