HURST REVIEW NCLEX RN READINESS EXAM: LATEST A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS EDITION. How can HF lead to Hypervolemia? If the heart is weak - Cardiac output goes down - Kidney perfusion decreases - Urinary output decreases - so the volume stays in the vascular

HURST REVIEW NCLEX RN READINESS EXAM: LATEST A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS EDITION. How can HF lead to Hypervolemia? If the heart is weak - Cardiac output goes down - Kidney perfusion decreases - Urinary output decreases - so the volume stays in the vascular space Aldosterone Think Sodium & Water "salt-retaining hormone" Aldosterone promotes the retention of sodium by the kidneys. Sodium retention promotes water retention Watter retention promotes a higher blood volume and pressure What diseases are caused by TOO MUCH Aldosterone? Cushing's Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's disease) What diseases are caused by TOO LITTLE Aldosterone? Addison's disease ADH Think ? H2O Anti - Diuretic Hormone (ADH) Makes you RETAIN WATER Too Much ADH problems - Retain water - Fluid Volume Excess = SIADH Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) saying...? Too Many Letters = (retaining) Too Much Water SIADH urine characteristics Urine output is decreased Urine sodium is increased Urine concentration is increased Urine specific gravity is increased SIADH serum (blood) characteristics Serum sodium is Diluted (because of the increase of water in the body) Hematocrit is low Signs and symptoms of Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) Distended neck veins/peripheral veins (veins are full) Peripheral edema/third spacing (vessels can't hold any more, so they start to leak) Central Venous Pressure (CVP) numbers go up Lung sounds: wet, crackles (heard in lower lungs first) -SOB Polyuria (kidneys are trying to get fluid off to help diuresis) Pulse increases (can be full/bounding) BP increases (more volume more pressure) Weight increases (any acute gain or loss isn't fat, it's fluid) CVP (central venous pressure) A direct measurement of the blood pressure in the right atrium and vena cava. CVP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump blood from the right heart into the pulmonary system.