NURS 661 EXAM SUCCESS: ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS FOR AN A+
Know what the adaptive information processing model and what it is used for.
The AIP model was developed by Shapiro through her development and observations
of the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy
(Shapiro, 2001). AIP hypothesizes that humans have an inherent information
processing system that usually processes experiences to a physiological adaptive state
in which information can be taken in and learning can occur. This model posits that
there is an innate self-healing quality in the brain that strives to regulate its internal
environment to survive and to maintain a stable, constant condition by means of
dynamic regulation. Positive and negative experiences affect neurophysiological
harmony. Optimally, memory is stored in a way that allows for connection with other
adaptive memory networks. how traumatic memories are stored in the brain.
Know what the Diathesis-Stress model is what it is used for:
Theory stating that mental and physical disorders develop from genetic or biological
predisposition combined with stress. This theory is often used to describe the
pronunciation of mental disorders, like schizophrenia, that are produced by the
interaction of a vulnerable hereditary predisposition, with precipitating events in the
environment. Nature (genetic) vs nurture (stress). Schizophrenia and bipolar look at this
module.
Acetylcholine
this neurotransmitter occurs in cholinergic tracts extending from the limbic structures to
the cortex, and a decrease in concentration is associated with memory and cognitive
impairments. An increase is associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Cortisol
a potent stress hormone that mobilizes energy stores, stimulates the release of glucose,
potentiates the release of adrenaline, increases cardiovascular tone, and inhibits
growth, immune, and inflammatory responses. An increase leads to cell atrophy and a
decrease leads to cell growth. Weight gain, PTSD.
Dopamine
, produced in the substantia nigra and other areas in the brainstem, it is a key
neurotransmitter for motor action and the reward system. Too much may change mood,
increase motor behavior, and disturb frontal lobe functioning, resulting in depression,
memory impairment, and apathy. Parkinson's disease has been linked with decreased
levels of dopamine. Mood, reward. Positive symptoms in schizophrenia and psychosis
due to increase the DA. Antipsychotic can cause EPS, because it lowers the dopamine.
Nuplazid, does not hit DA for Parkinson.
Gaba:
this inhibitory neurotransmitter contributes to a momentary refraction of neuron firing,
and the glutamate derivative is found in most neurons in the central nervous system. It
is involved in postsynaptic inhibition when benzodiazepines are given for anxiety, which
further decreases the firing of the neurons. A decrease is associated with anxiety
disorders. Dependency, addiction, seizure if withdraw. Gaba and benzo, brain
accommodates to benzo quickly so after two weeks brain needs more. so only as
needed.
Glutamate
it is found in all cells, and its major receptor, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), helps to
regulate brain development. Too much glutamate is toxic to neurons. Very exciting. Can
cause problem with ACH if dysfunctional. Helps with memory.
Acting Out:
avoiding conscious experience of the emotion through impulsive action (e.g., instead of
feeling sad, a person gets drunk). Impulsive to undesired feeling. Dysfunctional.
Denial:
avoiding the reality of painful reality by ignoring or refusing to acknowledge reality (e.g.,
a man with schizophrenia denies that he is ill and does not take his 99 62 medication).
Hypochondria:
exaggerating an illness arising from unacceptable feelings (e.g., anger and hostility are
transformed into pain and somatic complaints). Response to fear or stressors.
Introjection:
internalizing the qualities of the other (e.g., identification with the aggressor through
which the person becomes aggressive to gain control).
ANSWERS FOR AN A+
Know what the adaptive information processing model and what it is used for.
The AIP model was developed by Shapiro through her development and observations
of the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy
(Shapiro, 2001). AIP hypothesizes that humans have an inherent information
processing system that usually processes experiences to a physiological adaptive state
in which information can be taken in and learning can occur. This model posits that
there is an innate self-healing quality in the brain that strives to regulate its internal
environment to survive and to maintain a stable, constant condition by means of
dynamic regulation. Positive and negative experiences affect neurophysiological
harmony. Optimally, memory is stored in a way that allows for connection with other
adaptive memory networks. how traumatic memories are stored in the brain.
Know what the Diathesis-Stress model is what it is used for:
Theory stating that mental and physical disorders develop from genetic or biological
predisposition combined with stress. This theory is often used to describe the
pronunciation of mental disorders, like schizophrenia, that are produced by the
interaction of a vulnerable hereditary predisposition, with precipitating events in the
environment. Nature (genetic) vs nurture (stress). Schizophrenia and bipolar look at this
module.
Acetylcholine
this neurotransmitter occurs in cholinergic tracts extending from the limbic structures to
the cortex, and a decrease in concentration is associated with memory and cognitive
impairments. An increase is associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Cortisol
a potent stress hormone that mobilizes energy stores, stimulates the release of glucose,
potentiates the release of adrenaline, increases cardiovascular tone, and inhibits
growth, immune, and inflammatory responses. An increase leads to cell atrophy and a
decrease leads to cell growth. Weight gain, PTSD.
Dopamine
, produced in the substantia nigra and other areas in the brainstem, it is a key
neurotransmitter for motor action and the reward system. Too much may change mood,
increase motor behavior, and disturb frontal lobe functioning, resulting in depression,
memory impairment, and apathy. Parkinson's disease has been linked with decreased
levels of dopamine. Mood, reward. Positive symptoms in schizophrenia and psychosis
due to increase the DA. Antipsychotic can cause EPS, because it lowers the dopamine.
Nuplazid, does not hit DA for Parkinson.
Gaba:
this inhibitory neurotransmitter contributes to a momentary refraction of neuron firing,
and the glutamate derivative is found in most neurons in the central nervous system. It
is involved in postsynaptic inhibition when benzodiazepines are given for anxiety, which
further decreases the firing of the neurons. A decrease is associated with anxiety
disorders. Dependency, addiction, seizure if withdraw. Gaba and benzo, brain
accommodates to benzo quickly so after two weeks brain needs more. so only as
needed.
Glutamate
it is found in all cells, and its major receptor, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), helps to
regulate brain development. Too much glutamate is toxic to neurons. Very exciting. Can
cause problem with ACH if dysfunctional. Helps with memory.
Acting Out:
avoiding conscious experience of the emotion through impulsive action (e.g., instead of
feeling sad, a person gets drunk). Impulsive to undesired feeling. Dysfunctional.
Denial:
avoiding the reality of painful reality by ignoring or refusing to acknowledge reality (e.g.,
a man with schizophrenia denies that he is ill and does not take his 99 62 medication).
Hypochondria:
exaggerating an illness arising from unacceptable feelings (e.g., anger and hostility are
transformed into pain and somatic complaints). Response to fear or stressors.
Introjection:
internalizing the qualities of the other (e.g., identification with the aggressor through
which the person becomes aggressive to gain control).
