LATEST PATHO 370 EXAM: A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Immune system
-defends the body against invasion or infection
- patrol and destroy cells that are abnormal or damaged
Antigens
Foreign material that invades the body
Excessive Immune Response
- over or hyper functioning of immune system
- ex. autoimmunity and hypersensitivity
Deficient Immune Response
- functional decrease in one or more components of the immune system
- ex. primary and secondary immunodeficiency
Autoimmunity
immune system attacks its own tissues
MHC genes (HLA) increase risk of autoimmune disorders (1 and 2)
*FEMALES ARE AT HIGHER RISK*
Thymus gland
- principally responsible for eliminating or suppressing aggressive or intolerant self-
reactive lymphocytes
T-cell-intrinsic mechanisms of peripheral tolerance
- clonal deletion or anergy
T suppressor cells
- regulate potentially harmful autoreactive T and B cells
Theory of antigenic or molecular mimicry
- certain virus and bacteria evolve to look like "self" and use molecular mimicry to slip
past the immune systems defense
- can fit lymphocyte receptors
ex. EBV, Rheumatic heart disease
Adjuvant or bystander effect theory
, - an infection that stimulates the Immune system activates receptors causing the
release of proinflammatory cytokine
- cytokines activate pre existing autoreactive T and B cells that previously escaped
thymic detection and deletion
Epitope spread theory
- recurrent infection or damage to a particular organ causes the immune system to
develop multiple antibodies
Decrease or lost regulatory/suppressor Treg activity theory
- decrease numbers of Tregs fail to repress immunoglobulin activity
Multipotent cells are
-differentiate to myeloid and lymphatic stem cells
Myeloid stem cells
give rise to erythroblast (erythrocytes)
megakaryoblast (megakaryocytes)
myeloblast (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)-granular
monoblasts (monocytes)
Lymphatic stem cells
give rise to lymphoblast (B and T cells)
T cells
cell-mediated response
thymus gland
B cells
- bone marrow
- everything outside the cells
Hypersensitivity
- describes the MOI
- too much sensitivity
Autoimmunity treatment
Individualized immunosuppresive therapy
corticosteroids and cytotoxins (MTX)
Immune system
-defends the body against invasion or infection
- patrol and destroy cells that are abnormal or damaged
Antigens
Foreign material that invades the body
Excessive Immune Response
- over or hyper functioning of immune system
- ex. autoimmunity and hypersensitivity
Deficient Immune Response
- functional decrease in one or more components of the immune system
- ex. primary and secondary immunodeficiency
Autoimmunity
immune system attacks its own tissues
MHC genes (HLA) increase risk of autoimmune disorders (1 and 2)
*FEMALES ARE AT HIGHER RISK*
Thymus gland
- principally responsible for eliminating or suppressing aggressive or intolerant self-
reactive lymphocytes
T-cell-intrinsic mechanisms of peripheral tolerance
- clonal deletion or anergy
T suppressor cells
- regulate potentially harmful autoreactive T and B cells
Theory of antigenic or molecular mimicry
- certain virus and bacteria evolve to look like "self" and use molecular mimicry to slip
past the immune systems defense
- can fit lymphocyte receptors
ex. EBV, Rheumatic heart disease
Adjuvant or bystander effect theory
, - an infection that stimulates the Immune system activates receptors causing the
release of proinflammatory cytokine
- cytokines activate pre existing autoreactive T and B cells that previously escaped
thymic detection and deletion
Epitope spread theory
- recurrent infection or damage to a particular organ causes the immune system to
develop multiple antibodies
Decrease or lost regulatory/suppressor Treg activity theory
- decrease numbers of Tregs fail to repress immunoglobulin activity
Multipotent cells are
-differentiate to myeloid and lymphatic stem cells
Myeloid stem cells
give rise to erythroblast (erythrocytes)
megakaryoblast (megakaryocytes)
myeloblast (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)-granular
monoblasts (monocytes)
Lymphatic stem cells
give rise to lymphoblast (B and T cells)
T cells
cell-mediated response
thymus gland
B cells
- bone marrow
- everything outside the cells
Hypersensitivity
- describes the MOI
- too much sensitivity
Autoimmunity treatment
Individualized immunosuppresive therapy
corticosteroids and cytotoxins (MTX)
