LATEST PATHO 370 FINAL EXAM: A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones
flank pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
What is the common composition of renal calculi?
calcium crystals
polycystic kidney disease
condition in which the kidney contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter
kidney function
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in
alterations in the glomerular capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE
Major sign/symptom of renal cancer
hematuria
What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis?
uric acid
Acute pyelonephritis
infection of the renal pelvis usually from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not
result in scarring or fibrosis
What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI?
E. coli
Chronic Pyelonephritis
infection of the renal pelvis that has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic
kidney disease; associated with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis
clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis
CVA tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis
abdominal or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
what are the three phases of tubular necrosis?
prodromal phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase
clinical presentation of the prodromal phase?
, normal or declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,
clinical presentation of the oliguric phase?
oliguria, decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)
clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase?
postoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to increase and
tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until kidneys recover
renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease
elevated phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral metabolism;
kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will begin to break down
anemia in end-stage renal disease
kidneys produce erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin
will decrease the RBC count
What are some common causes of CKD?
diabetes and hypertension
What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis?
ischemia leads to acute tubular necrosis
What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic renal
disease
anemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic
acidosis, uremic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer?
hematuria
What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to?
recurrent cystitis
Who is more prone to UTIs?
sexually active women
ureterocele
cystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter
stress urinary incontinence
urine is involuntarily lost with increases in intraabdominal pressure; occurs due to a
weakening of the pelvic muscles
Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones
flank pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
What is the common composition of renal calculi?
calcium crystals
polycystic kidney disease
condition in which the kidney contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter
kidney function
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in
alterations in the glomerular capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE
Major sign/symptom of renal cancer
hematuria
What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis?
uric acid
Acute pyelonephritis
infection of the renal pelvis usually from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not
result in scarring or fibrosis
What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI?
E. coli
Chronic Pyelonephritis
infection of the renal pelvis that has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic
kidney disease; associated with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis
clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis
CVA tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia
clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis
abdominal or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia
what are the three phases of tubular necrosis?
prodromal phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase
clinical presentation of the prodromal phase?
, normal or declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise,
clinical presentation of the oliguric phase?
oliguria, decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required)
clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase?
postoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to increase and
tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until kidneys recover
renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease
elevated phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral metabolism;
kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will begin to break down
anemia in end-stage renal disease
kidneys produce erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin
will decrease the RBC count
What are some common causes of CKD?
diabetes and hypertension
What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis?
ischemia leads to acute tubular necrosis
What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic renal
disease
anemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic
acidosis, uremic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer?
hematuria
What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to?
recurrent cystitis
Who is more prone to UTIs?
sexually active women
ureterocele
cystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter
stress urinary incontinence
urine is involuntarily lost with increases in intraabdominal pressure; occurs due to a
weakening of the pelvic muscles
