Nutrition Week 2 (Monday)
• Carbs, Water, and Electrolytes
Carb functions: provide energy for the body. Kilo cal per gram. Found primarily in
plant sources. Cardiac, Brain and nervous system function. Need 130g/day. 45-65%
daily calorie intake from carbs. Athletes need more due to excess use during exercise.
Simple and Complex: Simple carbs are glucose---Complex multiple sugars and Starch
is the most common.
Simple: cake, candies, fruit
Glucose: BS 70-100 mg/dL
Glucose enters small intestine where it passes into the blood. For the body to
use glucose, it must enter to body cells and tissue. Insulin is the key for glucose to
enter. If there is no insulin, glucose will enter the blood and stay in the blood causing
hyperglycemia.
Small intestine= absorption and digestion
Glycogen stored in liver for extra energy.
Sugar alcohols or sugar replacers can provide 2-3 kcal/g
Artificial sweeteners- Aspartame is the most used. Patients with PKU cannot
use this. It contains phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH)
Impaired phenylalanine Hydroxylase cannot be broken down in PKU patients.
Catabolism breaks down- Anabolism small to large molecules.
Starch is the most complex carbs. End production of starch production is glucose.
Starch containing foods pumpkin, corn, potatoes, pees. Sweet potatoes, parsnips,
butternut squash, acorn squash. Diabetic patients need to limit the number of starches
they eat.
FIBER- allows body to function more efficiently
, 25-38g per day of fiber
2 types Soluble and Insoluble
SOULABLE: devolves in body water and turns it into gel like substances it can slow
digestion, lowers cholesterol, lower blood glucose and slows CHO absorption and
increases insulin sensitivity. (Weight loss=Soluble fiber) Foods are oat bran, barley,
nuts. Seeds, beans, lentils, fruits (citrus, apples, strawberries, and many vegetables)
Insulin resistance: cannot be used by the body
Insulin sensitivity: insulin works and opens doors to body and cells
INSOLUBLE FIBER: do not dissolve in body waters
Adds bulk to stools, bulky stools move faster, and fiber keeps colon clean
Foods such as whole wheat and whole grain products, vegetables, and wheat
bran.
HEALTH EFFECTS: LOW FIBER INTAKE can cause obesity
Digestion and Absorption
Absorption: primarily occurred in the small intestine
Glycogenesis: Dominant process for excess CHO- process of converting excess glucose to
glycogen and will be stored in the liver and muscles. Provides extra energy. When the body
needs extra energy, the liver will be stimulated to use glycogen.
Eating too many carbs can cause weight gain
Low Carb diets: Adverse effects: not enough carbs can cause abdominal cramping,
generalized weakness and hard stools. Diets altered to give proper amount of nutrition.
WATER/FLUID
Amount of body water varies from person to person. Infants have highest % of waters
(80%) and adults (60%) and elderly (50%)
• Carbs, Water, and Electrolytes
Carb functions: provide energy for the body. Kilo cal per gram. Found primarily in
plant sources. Cardiac, Brain and nervous system function. Need 130g/day. 45-65%
daily calorie intake from carbs. Athletes need more due to excess use during exercise.
Simple and Complex: Simple carbs are glucose---Complex multiple sugars and Starch
is the most common.
Simple: cake, candies, fruit
Glucose: BS 70-100 mg/dL
Glucose enters small intestine where it passes into the blood. For the body to
use glucose, it must enter to body cells and tissue. Insulin is the key for glucose to
enter. If there is no insulin, glucose will enter the blood and stay in the blood causing
hyperglycemia.
Small intestine= absorption and digestion
Glycogen stored in liver for extra energy.
Sugar alcohols or sugar replacers can provide 2-3 kcal/g
Artificial sweeteners- Aspartame is the most used. Patients with PKU cannot
use this. It contains phenylalanine Hydroxylase (PAH)
Impaired phenylalanine Hydroxylase cannot be broken down in PKU patients.
Catabolism breaks down- Anabolism small to large molecules.
Starch is the most complex carbs. End production of starch production is glucose.
Starch containing foods pumpkin, corn, potatoes, pees. Sweet potatoes, parsnips,
butternut squash, acorn squash. Diabetic patients need to limit the number of starches
they eat.
FIBER- allows body to function more efficiently
, 25-38g per day of fiber
2 types Soluble and Insoluble
SOULABLE: devolves in body water and turns it into gel like substances it can slow
digestion, lowers cholesterol, lower blood glucose and slows CHO absorption and
increases insulin sensitivity. (Weight loss=Soluble fiber) Foods are oat bran, barley,
nuts. Seeds, beans, lentils, fruits (citrus, apples, strawberries, and many vegetables)
Insulin resistance: cannot be used by the body
Insulin sensitivity: insulin works and opens doors to body and cells
INSOLUBLE FIBER: do not dissolve in body waters
Adds bulk to stools, bulky stools move faster, and fiber keeps colon clean
Foods such as whole wheat and whole grain products, vegetables, and wheat
bran.
HEALTH EFFECTS: LOW FIBER INTAKE can cause obesity
Digestion and Absorption
Absorption: primarily occurred in the small intestine
Glycogenesis: Dominant process for excess CHO- process of converting excess glucose to
glycogen and will be stored in the liver and muscles. Provides extra energy. When the body
needs extra energy, the liver will be stimulated to use glycogen.
Eating too many carbs can cause weight gain
Low Carb diets: Adverse effects: not enough carbs can cause abdominal cramping,
generalized weakness and hard stools. Diets altered to give proper amount of nutrition.
WATER/FLUID
Amount of body water varies from person to person. Infants have highest % of waters
(80%) and adults (60%) and elderly (50%)
