Endocrinology
Syllabus for the course Endocrinology, 2019
Julie van Immerseel, S1000023
,Index
Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the discipline of endocrinology .................................................................... 4
Chapter 2a: Histology of endocrine glands ............................................................................................. 5
Hypophysis hormones and endocrine glands ................................................................................. 5
Adrenal glands ................................................................................................................................. 7
Thyroid gland ................................................................................................................................... 8
Pancreas .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2b: Histology of the gonads and immunological techniques .................................................. 10
Testis.............................................................................................................................................. 10
Ovary ............................................................................................................................................. 11
Immunological techniques based on antibodies ........................................................................... 12
Chapter 3: Hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA-axis) .............................................................................. 13
The pituitary .................................................................................................................................. 13
The hypothalamus ......................................................................................................................... 13
Pituitary dysfunction ..................................................................................................................... 14
Hypothalamus dysfunction............................................................................................................ 14
Chapter 4: Receptors, second messengers and response elements ..................................................... 15
Intracellular signal transduction .................................................................................................... 15
First and second messengers ........................................................................................................ 15
Receptors....................................................................................................................................... 16
Membrane receptors .................................................................................................................... 16
Intracellular receptors ................................................................................................................... 16
Chapter 5: The thyroid gland and thyroid hormones............................................................................ 17
Synthesis of thyroglobulin ............................................................................................................. 17
Deiodination .................................................................................................................................. 18
Thyroid binding proteins ............................................................................................................... 18
The perchlorate discharge test...................................................................................................... 18
Regulation of gene expression by T3 ............................................................................................ 18
Thyroid disorders........................................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 6: Adrenals; Gluco- and mineralocorticoids ............................................................................ 20
Dysfunction in concentration of corticosteroids ........................................................................... 20
Addison’s disease, a primary adrenocortical insufficiency ........................................................... 21
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)........................................................................................... 21
2
,Chapter 7: Hormones and tumors......................................................................................................... 23
Mamma carcinoma........................................................................................................................ 23
Leuprolide...................................................................................................................................... 24
Endocrine therapy resistance ........................................................................................................ 24
Chapter 8: The stress axis ...................................................................................................................... 25
Cortisol .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Aldosterone ................................................................................................................................... 25
Stress ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Dysfunctions of the HPA-axis ........................................................................................................ 27
Chapter 9: Endocrinology of food intake and body mass regulation .................................................... 28
Endocrine signals involved in energy homeostasis ....................................................................... 28
The hypothalamus and brain stem ................................................................................................ 28
Chapter 10: The pancreas ..................................................................................................................... 30
The anatomy and function ............................................................................................................ 30
Disorders ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Diabetes ......................................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 11: Endocrinology of growth ................................................................................................... 33
The ICP-model ............................................................................................................................... 33
What is growth? ............................................................................................................................ 33
GH .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 35
Ghrelin ........................................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 12: Calcium regulation and osteoporosis ................................................................................ 36
Endocrine calcium regulation ........................................................................................................ 36
Parathormone (PTH)...................................................................................................................... 36
Vitamin D ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Calcitonin ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Calcitropic hormones and bone physiology .................................................................................. 38
Osteoporosis.................................................................................................................................. 38
Chapter 13: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)........................................................... 40
Feedback system explained........................................................................................................... 40
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 40
ACE inhibitor .................................................................................................................................. 40
Hyperaldosteronism ...................................................................................................................... 41
3
, Hypoaldosteronism ....................................................................................................................... 41
Primary aldosteronism .................................................................................................................. 41
Pseudoaldosteronism .................................................................................................................... 41
Cushing syndrome ......................................................................................................................... 41
Liddle’s syndrome.......................................................................................................................... 41
Secondary aldosteronism .............................................................................................................. 41
Renal artery stenosis ..................................................................................................................... 41
Chapter 14: Catecholamines of the adrenal medulla............................................................................ 43
Primary catecholamines ................................................................................................................ 43
Receptors....................................................................................................................................... 43
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 43
Chapter 15: Female reproduction ......................................................................................................... 44
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 45
Contraception and fertility treatment........................................................................................... 46
Chapter 16: Male reproduction............................................................................................................. 47
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 47
Chapter 17: Endocrinology of the digestive tract ................................................................................. 49
The four most important hormones ............................................................................................. 49
Gastrin ........................................................................................................................................... 49
CCK................................................................................................................................................. 49
Secretin.......................................................................................................................................... 50
GIP ................................................................................................................................................. 50
Pathologies .................................................................................................................................... 51
List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. 52
References ............................................................................................................................................. 53
Search index .......................................................................................................................................... 54
Chapter 1: Introduction to the discipline of endocrinology
4
Syllabus for the course Endocrinology, 2019
Julie van Immerseel, S1000023
,Index
Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the discipline of endocrinology .................................................................... 4
Chapter 2a: Histology of endocrine glands ............................................................................................. 5
Hypophysis hormones and endocrine glands ................................................................................. 5
Adrenal glands ................................................................................................................................. 7
Thyroid gland ................................................................................................................................... 8
Pancreas .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2b: Histology of the gonads and immunological techniques .................................................. 10
Testis.............................................................................................................................................. 10
Ovary ............................................................................................................................................. 11
Immunological techniques based on antibodies ........................................................................... 12
Chapter 3: Hypothalamus-pituitary axis (HPA-axis) .............................................................................. 13
The pituitary .................................................................................................................................. 13
The hypothalamus ......................................................................................................................... 13
Pituitary dysfunction ..................................................................................................................... 14
Hypothalamus dysfunction............................................................................................................ 14
Chapter 4: Receptors, second messengers and response elements ..................................................... 15
Intracellular signal transduction .................................................................................................... 15
First and second messengers ........................................................................................................ 15
Receptors....................................................................................................................................... 16
Membrane receptors .................................................................................................................... 16
Intracellular receptors ................................................................................................................... 16
Chapter 5: The thyroid gland and thyroid hormones............................................................................ 17
Synthesis of thyroglobulin ............................................................................................................. 17
Deiodination .................................................................................................................................. 18
Thyroid binding proteins ............................................................................................................... 18
The perchlorate discharge test...................................................................................................... 18
Regulation of gene expression by T3 ............................................................................................ 18
Thyroid disorders........................................................................................................................... 18
Chapter 6: Adrenals; Gluco- and mineralocorticoids ............................................................................ 20
Dysfunction in concentration of corticosteroids ........................................................................... 20
Addison’s disease, a primary adrenocortical insufficiency ........................................................... 21
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)........................................................................................... 21
2
,Chapter 7: Hormones and tumors......................................................................................................... 23
Mamma carcinoma........................................................................................................................ 23
Leuprolide...................................................................................................................................... 24
Endocrine therapy resistance ........................................................................................................ 24
Chapter 8: The stress axis ...................................................................................................................... 25
Cortisol .......................................................................................................................................... 25
Aldosterone ................................................................................................................................... 25
Stress ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Dysfunctions of the HPA-axis ........................................................................................................ 27
Chapter 9: Endocrinology of food intake and body mass regulation .................................................... 28
Endocrine signals involved in energy homeostasis ....................................................................... 28
The hypothalamus and brain stem ................................................................................................ 28
Chapter 10: The pancreas ..................................................................................................................... 30
The anatomy and function ............................................................................................................ 30
Disorders ....................................................................................................................................... 30
Diabetes ......................................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 11: Endocrinology of growth ................................................................................................... 33
The ICP-model ............................................................................................................................... 33
What is growth? ............................................................................................................................ 33
GH .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 35
Ghrelin ........................................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 12: Calcium regulation and osteoporosis ................................................................................ 36
Endocrine calcium regulation ........................................................................................................ 36
Parathormone (PTH)...................................................................................................................... 36
Vitamin D ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Calcitonin ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Calcitropic hormones and bone physiology .................................................................................. 38
Osteoporosis.................................................................................................................................. 38
Chapter 13: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)........................................................... 40
Feedback system explained........................................................................................................... 40
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 40
ACE inhibitor .................................................................................................................................. 40
Hyperaldosteronism ...................................................................................................................... 41
3
, Hypoaldosteronism ....................................................................................................................... 41
Primary aldosteronism .................................................................................................................. 41
Pseudoaldosteronism .................................................................................................................... 41
Cushing syndrome ......................................................................................................................... 41
Liddle’s syndrome.......................................................................................................................... 41
Secondary aldosteronism .............................................................................................................. 41
Renal artery stenosis ..................................................................................................................... 41
Chapter 14: Catecholamines of the adrenal medulla............................................................................ 43
Primary catecholamines ................................................................................................................ 43
Receptors....................................................................................................................................... 43
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 43
Chapter 15: Female reproduction ......................................................................................................... 44
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 45
Contraception and fertility treatment........................................................................................... 46
Chapter 16: Male reproduction............................................................................................................. 47
Dysfunctions .................................................................................................................................. 47
Chapter 17: Endocrinology of the digestive tract ................................................................................. 49
The four most important hormones ............................................................................................. 49
Gastrin ........................................................................................................................................... 49
CCK................................................................................................................................................. 49
Secretin.......................................................................................................................................... 50
GIP ................................................................................................................................................. 50
Pathologies .................................................................................................................................... 51
List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. 52
References ............................................................................................................................................. 53
Search index .......................................................................................................................................... 54
Chapter 1: Introduction to the discipline of endocrinology
4
