ACING BIOS 255 EXAMS WITH AN A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PLAYBOOK

ACING BIOS 255 EXAMS WITH AN A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PLAYBOOK WEEK1: Cardiovascular System (The Blood) _________________________ Blood Functions transportation (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste) regulation (homeostasis of bodily fluids, pH, blood temp, and water content) protection (clotting and fighting infections) Blood Properties mean fraction of body weight = 8% volume = 4-6L (based on body size/composition) viscosity = thicker, higher BP pH = 7.35-7.45 (below - acidosis) mean salinity = 0.9% (isotonic, same, to blood) Blood Composition whole blood = what you naturally draw out plasma = semi-fluid matrix acting as transport for molecules and cells RBC = carries oxygen throughout body for respiration towards energy platelets = proteins responsible for blood clotting during injuries WBC = immune cell that helps fight infection Centrifuged Blood Composition Plasma = 55% (water, dissolved gasses, nutrients, waste products, proteins) Buffy Coat = less than 1% (WBCs and Platelets) Hematocrit (Erythrocyte) = 45% (RBC - blood covering layer/viscosity/amount) Major Proteins of Blood Plasma albumin = responsible for colloid osmotic pressure from influencing viscosity while transporting lipids, hormones, and calcium + buffers blood pH globulins = transport and defense functions fibrinogen = becomes fibrin when in contact with thrombin as the major component of blood clots Blood Formed Elements "cells"; RBCs (Erythrocytes), WBCs (Leukocytes), Platelets Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) lack a nucleus (cannot perform mitosis), biconcave disc shape, bags of hemoglobin, carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide Formed in the red bone marrow from the hematopoietic stem cell, myeloid stem cell, erythroblast, reticulocyte, mature RBC Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Composition hemoglobin = protein that carries four oxygen to cells and some carbon dioxide (potentially hydrogen) to lungs erythropoietin = hormone responsible for RCB production by ejecting the nucleus from proerythroblasts released by the kidneys Erythropoiesis (Red Blood Cell Production) require: reticulocytes, EPO, iron, protein, vitamin B12 red blood cell death and phagocytosis for macrophage to react in spleen, liver, or red bone marrow hemoglobin = globin - breaks down into protein monomer (amino acids) and reused for protein synthesis, heme - releases heavy metal iron through transferrin movement and producing bilirubin liver = iron stored form (ferritin) and bilirubin resides in liver bone marrow = chemical messenger is sent towards bone marrow with iron, global, vitamin B12, and erythropoietin to produce a mature RCB from a reticulocyte circulation occurs for ~120 days before cycle is repeated Red Blood Cell Disorders Polycythemia = a blood disorder occurring when there are too many red blood cells, causing the blood to increase in volume and thicken Anemia = a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells Sickle-cell Disease = a group of inherited red blood cell disorders causing issues with blood circulation Leukocytes least abundant of the formed elements, but most important for immunity purposes granulocytes = contain granules that stain blue or violet originating from bone marrow agranulocytes = clear looking cytoplasm originating from lymphoid Leukocytes: Granulocytes contain granules that stain blue or violet neutrophils = fighting off bacteria; present during bacterial infection through phagocytosis and release antimicrobial chemicals to be first to reach wound site + grainy background, multi-nucleated 3-5 nucleus globs eosinophils = present during parasite presence (release enzymes) and allergies (phagocytize inflammatory chemicals) + dark staining cytoplasm with two nuclei connected by thin tube/rod basophils = secrete histamine during allergy (increasing blood flow to tissue) and heparin (prevent clotting acting as a blood thinner) + nuclei that look like pellets/obscured from view Leukocytes: Agranulocytes clear looking cytoplasm monocytes = turn into macrophages to phagocytize pathogens/dead neutrophils in presenting antigens to activate immune system cells + continuous, elongated, and folded nucleus lymphocytes = adaptive immune system in secreting antibodies and killing cancer cells + one large nucleus w/ thin cytoplasm (halo effect) Thrombocytes platelets = fragments of cells w/out nucleus that can be responsible for clotting thrombopotein = hormone responsible for production of platelets (megakaryocytes) megakaryocytes = cells made by the liver broken up into fragments aka platelets Lymphoid vs Myeloid Stem Cells give rise to B-cell lymphocytes, T-cell lymphocytes, and Natural Killer cells vs give rise to RBCs, platelet, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils Hemostasis process to stop bleeding vascular spasm (throbbing) = blood vessel constricts so neutrophils/white blood cells to arrive platelet plug formation = platelets stick to injury site/collagen fibers so framework of scab to form coagulation = (blood clotting/wound healing utilizing vitamin K) converts inactive