Test Bank- Pediatric Physical Examination: An Illustrated Handbook 4th Edition (Karen G. Duderstadt, 2025) Latest Edition|| All Chapters

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Chapter1:ApproachtoCareandAssessmentofChildrenandAdolescents

MULTIPLECHOICE

1. Anurseisreviewingdevelopmentalconceptsforinfantsandchildren.Whichstatementbestgdescri
besgdevelopmentginginfantsgandgchildren?

a. Development,apredictableandorderlyprocess,occursatvaryingrateswithinnormallimits.

b. Developmentisprimarilyrelatedtothegrowthinthenumberandsizeofcells.

, c. Developmentoccursinaproximodistaldirectionwithfinemuscledevelopmentoccurringgfirst.

d. Developmentismoreeasilyandaccuratelymeasuredthangrowth.


ANS:A

Development,acontinuousorderlyprocess,providesthebasisforincreasesinthechildsfunctiongandgco
mplexitygofgbehavior.gThegincreasesgingrategofgfunctiongandgcomplexitygcangvarygnormallygwithin
limitsforeachchild.Anincreaseinthenumberandsizeofcellsisadefinitionforgrowth.gDevelopmentgpro
ceedsgingagproximodistalgdirectiongwithgfinegmusclegorganizationgoccurringgasgagresultgofglargegm
usclegorganization.gDevelopmentgisgagmoregcomplexgprocessgthatgisgaffectedgbygmanyfactors;gther
efore,itgislesseasilyandaccuratelymeasured.Growthisagpredictableprocessgwithgstandardgmeasurem
entgmethods.

2. Frequentdevelopmentalassessmentsareimportantforwhichreason?

a. Stabledevelopmentalperiodsduringinfancyprovideanopportunitytoidentifyanydelaysorgdeficit
s.

b. Infantsneedstimulationspecifictothestageofdevelopment.

c. Criticalperiodsofdevelopmentoccurduringchildhood.

d. Childdevelopmentisunpredictableandneedsmonitoring.




ANS:C

Criticalgperiodsgaregblocksgofgtimegduringgwhichgchildrengaregreadygtogmastergspecificgdevelopme
ntaltasks.Childrencanmasterthesetasksmoreeasilyduringparticularperiodsoftimegingtheirggrowthgan
dgdevelopmentalgprocess.gInfancygisgagdynamicgtimegofgdevelopmentgthatgrequiresgfrequentgevalu
ationsgtogassessgappropriategdevelopmentalgprogress.gInfantsgingagnurturinggenvironmentgwillgdev
elopgappropriatelygandgwillgnotgnecessarilygneedgstimulationgspecificgtogtheirgdevelopmentalgstage
.gNormalggrowthgandgdevelopmentgaregorderlygandgproceedgingagpredictablegpatterngongthegbasisgo
fgeachgindividualsgabilitiesgandgpotentials.

3. Whichfactorhasthegreatestinfluenceonchildgrowthanddevelopment?

a. Culture

b. Environment

c. Genetics

, d. Nutrition


ANS:C

Geneticgfactorsg(heredity)gdeterminegeachgindividualsggrowthgandgdevelopmentalgrate.gAlthoughgf
actorssuchasenvironment,culture,nutrition,andfamilycaninfluencegenetictraits,theydonotgeliminat
egthegeffectgofgtheggeneticgendowment,gwhichgisgpermanent.gCulturegisgagsignificantgfactorgthatginf
luencesghowgchildrenggrowgtowardgadulthood.gCultureginfluencesgbothggrowthgandgdevelopmentg
butgdoesgnotgeliminateginbornggeneticginfluences.gEnvironmentghasgagsignificantgrolegingdetermini
ngggrowthgandgdevelopmentgbothgbeforegandgaftergbirth.gThegenvironmentgcanginfluenceghowgand
gtogwhichgextentggenetictraitsgaremanifested,gbutgenvironmentalfactorsgcannotgeliminategthegeffect
gofggenetics.gNutritiongisgcriticalgforggrowthgandgplaysgagsignificantgrolegthroughoutgchildhood.

4. Anurseisplanningateachingsessionwithachild.AccordingtoPiagetiantheory,thegperiodgofcogni
tivedevelopmentinwhichthechildisabletodistinguishfactfromfantasyistheperiodgofgcognitivegdev
elopment.

a. sensorimotor

, b. formaloperations

c. concreteoperations

d. preoperational


ANS:C

Concretegoperationsgisgthegperiodgofgcognitivegdevelopmentgingwhichgchildrensgthinkinggisgshifte
dgfromgegocentricgtogbeinggablegtogseeganothersgpointgofgview.gTheygdevelopgthegabilitygtogdistin
guishgfactgfromgfantasy.gThegsensorimotorgstagegoccursginginfancygandgisgagperiodgofgreflexivebe
havior.Duringthisperiod,theinfantsworldbecomesmorepermanentandorganized.gThegstagegendsgw
ithgtheginfantgdemonstratinggsomegevidencegofgreasoning.gFormaloperationsgisgagperiodindevelop
mentinwhichnewideasarecreatedthroughpreviousthoughts.Analyticreasongandabstractgthoughtem
ergeginthisperiod.Thegpreoperationalstagegisagperiodofgegocentrismingwhichgthegchildsgjudgment
sgaregillogicalgandgdominatedgbygmagicalgthinkinggandganimism.

5. Thetheoristwhovieweddevelopmentalprogressionasalifelongseriesofconflictsthatneedgresolut
iongis:

a. Erikson.

b. Freud.

c. Kohlberg.

d. Piaget.


ANS:A

ErikgEriksongviewedgdevelopmentgasgagseriesgofgconflictsgaffectedgbygsocialgandgculturalgfactors.g
Eachconflictmustberesolvedforthechildtoprogressemotionally,withunsuccessfulresolutiongleavingg
thegchildgemotionallygdisabled.gSigmundgFreudgproposedgagpsychosexualgtheorygofgdevelopmentg
ingwhichgcertaingpartsgofgthegbodygassumegpsychologicalgsignificancegasgfocigofgsexualgenergy.gT
hegfocigshiftgasgthegindividualgmovesgthroughgthegdifferentgstagesg(oral,ganal,gphallic,glatency,gand
ggenital)gofgdevelopment.gLawrencegKohlberggdescribedgmoralgdevelopment