,DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgExploringgSociologygCanadiangPerspectiveg3rd
EditiongRavelli
Ravelli/Webber:gExploringgSociology:gAgCanadiangPerspective,gThirdgEditiongChap
terg02:gClassicalgSocialgTheories
1) BenjamingFranklingisgquotedgtoghavegsaid,g“Thosegwhogwouldgsacrificegfreedomgforg
securitygdeservegneither.”gHowgdoesgthisgcontrastgwithgHobbes’sgideasgofgthegrolegofgth
egstate?
Answer:
Hobbesgbelievedgthat,gatgtheirgmostgbasic,gpeoplegaregmotivatedgbygself-
interestgandgthegpursuitgofgpower.gLivinggingagnaturalgstategwouldghavegbeengagbrutalgexi
stence;gsincegeveryonegwasgingdirectgcompetitiongwithgeachgother,gpeoplegwouldghavegliv
edgingagconstantgstategofgfear.gWithgtheirgwantsgalwaysgseeminggtogexceedgwhatgwasgavai
lable,gtheregwasgconstantgpotentialgforgag“wargofgallgagainstgall.”gHobbesgthusgarguedgtha
tgsincegpeoplegaregnaturallygrationalgbeings,gingordergtoggaingpeacegandgprotectiongtheygw
ouldgbegwillinggtogentergintogagcollectivegagreementgthatgwouldgseegthemggivegupgsomego
fgtheirgindividualgfreedomgandgautonomygtogangabsolutegauthorityg(e.g.,gdemocracy,gmon
archy).gThisgcollectivegagreementgrepresentedgangimportantgtransitiongingthatgitgdemonstr
atedgtheghumangcapacitygtogforgogindependencegandgautonomygingreturngforgcollectivegb
enefit.gIngessence,gitgpromotesgexactlygwhatgFranklingwarnsgagainst:gsacrificinggfreedomg
forgsecurity.
Diff:gChallenging
gType:gES
PagegReference:g32
Skill:gApplied/Conceptual
Objective:gDescribegthegearlygcontributionsgofgsocialgphilosophersgandgtheirgrelevancegtogc
lassicalgsociologicalgtheory.
2) DevelopgangessaygingwhichgyougdiscussgthegrelationshipgbetweengEnlightenmen
tgthinkinggandgthegbirthgofgsociology.
Answer:
ThegtextbookgarguesgthatgsociologygwasgborngnotgfromgthegrevolutionarygideasgofgEnligh
tenmentgthinkinggbut,grather,gfromgthegconservativegreactiongagainstgthem.gBeforegthegE
nlightenment,gpeople’sgthinkinggwasgdirectedgbygGod,gthegChurch,gandgthegaristocracy.g
Enlightenmentgthinking,ghowever,gpromotedghumangagencygandgthusgwasgagcleargcontin
uationgofgthegwritingsgofgHobbes,gLocke,gMontesquieu,gandgRousseau.gToday,gseeinggou
rselvesgasgengagedgandgautonomousgbeingsgseemsgobvious,gbutgatgthegtimegthisgindepend
encegofgthoughtgcreatedgaggreatgdealgofgturmoil,gnotgonlygforgthegChurchgbutgalsogforgsoc
ietygasgagwhole.gThegEnlightenmentgwasgnothingglessgthangagreorderinggofghowgpeoplegs
awgthegworldgandgtheirgrolegingit.
Enlightenmentgphilosophersgchallengedgmanygbeliefsgthatgwereggroundedgingtraditiong(e.
g.,ginheritedgtitlesgandgwealthgthatgweregnotgbasedgongdemonstratedgabilitygorgskill)gandge
ncouragedgthegabilitygofgthegmassesgtogtakegcontrolgofgtheirglivesgandgchallengegtheirgopp
ressors.gThisgultimatelygledgtogthegAmericangandgFrenchgrevolutions,gwhichgresultedgingth
ousandsgofgdeaths.gBothgrevolutionsghadgaglastingginfluence:gforgthegfirstgtimeginghistory,
Copyrightg©g2016gPearsongCanadagInc
.
2-1
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgExploringgSociologygCanadiangPerspectiveg3rd
EditiongRavelli
Ravelli/Webber:gExploringgSociology:gAgCanadiangPerspective,gThirdgEditiongChap
terg02:gClassicalgSocialgTheories
entiregsocietiesgweregcompletelygreorganizedgaccordinggtogthegseculargidealsgofgsocialgequa
litygandgliberty.
However,gthegchaosgandgdisruptiongbroughtgongbygthesegidealsgofgindividualgautonomy,gl
iberty,gandgthegprimacygofgrationalitygandgreasongweregchallengedgbygconservatives,gwho
gpromotedgagreturngtogearliergtimesgwhengsocietygwasgmoregstable.gIngeffect,gconservativ
esgchallengedgthegverygbasisgofgEnlightenmentgthinking.gAftergall,gtheygwouldgsuggest,gt
hegculminationgofgthatgthinkinggledgtogrevolution,gsomethinggnogonegshouldgwant.gAsgdis
cussed,gonegofgthegguidinggprinciplesgofgthegEnlightenmentgwasgthegbeliefgingindividualga
utonomygandgthegabsolutegnecessitygofgindependentgthoughtgandgreflection.gTogEnlighte
nmentgthinkers,gthegindividualgwasgthegbuildinggblockgforgthegentiregsociety.gIngcontrast,g
conservativesgbelievedgthatgsocietygisgnotgthegproductgofgindividualsgbut,grather,gangentit
ygingitself,gindependentgandgseparategfromgthegindividualsgwhogmakegitgup.
Enlightenmentgandgconservativegperspectivesgaregbothgrepresentedgingsociologygthroughg
thegmicrog(individual)gandgmacrog(society-wide)gapproaches,grespectively.
Diff:gModerate
gType:gES
PagegReference:g35-
37gSkill:gConceptual
Objective:gDescribegthegearlygcontributionsgofgsocialgphilosophersgandgtheirgrelevancegtogc
lassicalgsociologicalgtheory.
3) Comparegandgcontrastgfunctionalismgandgconflictgtheorygasgdiscussedgingthegtext.gHo
wgwouldgthegtwogperspectivesgexplaingcrime?gWhichgperspectivegdogyougagreegwithgong
thisgissuegandgwhy?
Answer:
Functionalistsgviewgthegsocialgworldgasgagdynamicgsystemgofginterrelatedgandginterdepen
dentgparts.gSocialgstructuresgexistgtoghelpgpeoplegfulfillgtheirgwantsgandgdesiresgasgdefined
gbygsocialgvalues.
Conflictgtheorygisgbasedgongthegassumptiongthatgsocietygisggroundedgonginequalitygandgco
mpetitiongovergscarcegresourcesgthatgultimatelygresultgingconflict,gwhichgoftenginspiresgso
cialgchange.gTwogbasicgprinciplesgthatgallgconflictgtheoristsgsharegaregthatg(1)gpowergisgth
egcoregofgallgsocialgrelationshipsgandgisgscarcegandgunequallygdividedgamonggmembersgofg
society,gandg(2)gsocialgvaluesgandgthegdominantgideologygaregvehiclesgbygwhichgthegpow
erfulgpromotegtheirgownginterestsgatgthegexpensegofgthegweak.
Forgfunctionalists,gcrimegmightgbegconsideredgfunctionalgorgdysfunctional,gwhereasgconf
lictgtheoristsgwouldgviewgcrimegasgagproductgofgangunequalgsystemgthatgproducesginequal
itygbetweengthosegingpowergandgthosegwhogaregmarginalized.gIngtheglattergcase,gcrimegrefl
ectsgtheginterestsgofgthosegingpower.
Diff:gChallenging
Copyrightg©g2016gPearsongCanadagInc
.
2-2
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgExploringgSociologygCanadiangPerspectiveg3rd
EditiongRavelli
Ravelli/Webber:gExploringgSociology:gAgCanadiangPerspective,gThirdgEditiongChap
terg02:gClassicalgSocialgTheories
Type:gES
PagegReference:g38-
39/47gSkill:gApplied/Con
ceptual
Objective:gReviewgandgcritiquegfunctionalismgandgthegcontributionsgofgitsgprincipalgtheor
ists,greviewgandgcritiquegconflictgtheorygandgthegcontributionsgofgitsgfoundinggtheorists.
4) ExplainghowgSpencer’sgideagofg“survivalgofgthegfittest”gledgtogthegconceptgandgpractic
egofgsocialgDarwinismgingthegUS.gHowgisgthisgpositionginconsistentgwithgthegsociologic
algimagination,gandgwhygdogsociologistsgtendgtogbegquitegcriticalgofgthesegideas?
Answer:
Spencergcamegtogbelievegthatgoverpopulationgwouldgbecomegagsocialgproblemgovergtimeg
andgbelievedgthat,gasgagresult,gpeoplegwouldgbegforcedgtogcompetegovergincreasinglygscarc
egresources.gThisgledghimgtogcoingthegtermgsurvivalgofgthegfittest.gSpencergarguedgthatgsoc
ietiesgcangbegselectedgforgingthegsamegwaygasgbiologicalgorganisms.
ThisgresultedgingSpencer’sgconceptgofgsocialgDarwinism,gwhichgemploysgagfunctionalistg
approachgbygsuggestinggthatgsocietiesgevolvegbecausegtheregisgagreasongforgthegchangesg(
i.e.,gtheygneedgtogsurvive).gSpencer’sgapproachgbecamegverygpopulargingthegUnitedgStates
,gasgitghelpedgtogexplaingwhygsomegingsocietygweregdoinggwellgandgothersgweregnot.gSom
egweregsimplygmoregevolvedgorgbettergadaptedgthangothers.gAndgsincegthisgwasgagnaturalg
process,gmanygbelievedgthatgnaturegshouldgbegallowedgtogtakegitsgcoursegandgthatgtoginter
feregwouldgonlygmakegmattersgworse.
Thisgpositiongisginconsistentgwithgthegsociologicalgimaginationgsincegitgdeniesgangappreciat
iongofginheritedgsocialgdisadvantagegandgoutrightgdiscrimination.gAsgsuch,gsociologistsgvie
wgSpencer’sgideasgwithgagcriticalgeyegforgagnumbergofgreasons.gFirst,gthesegideasgprovidedg
justificationgforgcolonialgexpansiongbygrichgandgpowerfulgcountriesgtogpoorgandgweakgones
gsimplygbecausegthesegcountriesgweregcapablegofgit.gSecond,ghowgwouldgSpencergexplaingt
hegfactgthatgsomegchildrengofgthegrichgmaintaingtheirgadvantagegevengthoughgtheygdognotgp
ossessganygofgtheirgparents’gpositivegattributes?gThird,gSpencer’sgargumentgequatesgevoluti
ongwithgprogressgandgassumesgthatgovergtimeghumangsocietygwillginevitablygimprove,gwhic
hghasgnotgbeengprovengovergtime.
Diff:gModerate
gType:gES
PagegReference:g39-
40gSkill:gApplied/Concep
tual
Objective:gReviewgandgcritiquegfunctionalismgandgthegcontributionsgofgitsgprincipalgtheor
ists,greviewgandgcritiquegconflictgtheorygandgthegcontributionsgofgitsgfoundinggtheorists.
Copyrightg©g2016gPearsongCanadagInc
.
2-3
mynursytest.store
EditiongRavelli
Ravelli/Webber:gExploringgSociology:gAgCanadiangPerspective,gThirdgEditiongChap
terg02:gClassicalgSocialgTheories
1) BenjamingFranklingisgquotedgtoghavegsaid,g“Thosegwhogwouldgsacrificegfreedomgforg
securitygdeservegneither.”gHowgdoesgthisgcontrastgwithgHobbes’sgideasgofgthegrolegofgth
egstate?
Answer:
Hobbesgbelievedgthat,gatgtheirgmostgbasic,gpeoplegaregmotivatedgbygself-
interestgandgthegpursuitgofgpower.gLivinggingagnaturalgstategwouldghavegbeengagbrutalgexi
stence;gsincegeveryonegwasgingdirectgcompetitiongwithgeachgother,gpeoplegwouldghavegliv
edgingagconstantgstategofgfear.gWithgtheirgwantsgalwaysgseeminggtogexceedgwhatgwasgavai
lable,gtheregwasgconstantgpotentialgforgag“wargofgallgagainstgall.”gHobbesgthusgarguedgtha
tgsincegpeoplegaregnaturallygrationalgbeings,gingordergtoggaingpeacegandgprotectiongtheygw
ouldgbegwillinggtogentergintogagcollectivegagreementgthatgwouldgseegthemggivegupgsomego
fgtheirgindividualgfreedomgandgautonomygtogangabsolutegauthorityg(e.g.,gdemocracy,gmon
archy).gThisgcollectivegagreementgrepresentedgangimportantgtransitiongingthatgitgdemonstr
atedgtheghumangcapacitygtogforgogindependencegandgautonomygingreturngforgcollectivegb
enefit.gIngessence,gitgpromotesgexactlygwhatgFranklingwarnsgagainst:gsacrificinggfreedomg
forgsecurity.
Diff:gChallenging
gType:gES
PagegReference:g32
Skill:gApplied/Conceptual
Objective:gDescribegthegearlygcontributionsgofgsocialgphilosophersgandgtheirgrelevancegtogc
lassicalgsociologicalgtheory.
2) DevelopgangessaygingwhichgyougdiscussgthegrelationshipgbetweengEnlightenmen
tgthinkinggandgthegbirthgofgsociology.
Answer:
ThegtextbookgarguesgthatgsociologygwasgborngnotgfromgthegrevolutionarygideasgofgEnligh
tenmentgthinkinggbut,grather,gfromgthegconservativegreactiongagainstgthem.gBeforegthegE
nlightenment,gpeople’sgthinkinggwasgdirectedgbygGod,gthegChurch,gandgthegaristocracy.g
Enlightenmentgthinking,ghowever,gpromotedghumangagencygandgthusgwasgagcleargcontin
uationgofgthegwritingsgofgHobbes,gLocke,gMontesquieu,gandgRousseau.gToday,gseeinggou
rselvesgasgengagedgandgautonomousgbeingsgseemsgobvious,gbutgatgthegtimegthisgindepend
encegofgthoughtgcreatedgaggreatgdealgofgturmoil,gnotgonlygforgthegChurchgbutgalsogforgsoc
ietygasgagwhole.gThegEnlightenmentgwasgnothingglessgthangagreorderinggofghowgpeoplegs
awgthegworldgandgtheirgrolegingit.
Enlightenmentgphilosophersgchallengedgmanygbeliefsgthatgwereggroundedgingtraditiong(e.
g.,ginheritedgtitlesgandgwealthgthatgweregnotgbasedgongdemonstratedgabilitygorgskill)gandge
ncouragedgthegabilitygofgthegmassesgtogtakegcontrolgofgtheirglivesgandgchallengegtheirgopp
ressors.gThisgultimatelygledgtogthegAmericangandgFrenchgrevolutions,gwhichgresultedgingth
ousandsgofgdeaths.gBothgrevolutionsghadgaglastingginfluence:gforgthegfirstgtimeginghistory,
Copyrightg©g2016gPearsongCanadagInc
.
2-1
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgExploringgSociologygCanadiangPerspectiveg3rd
EditiongRavelli
Ravelli/Webber:gExploringgSociology:gAgCanadiangPerspective,gThirdgEditiongChap
terg02:gClassicalgSocialgTheories
entiregsocietiesgweregcompletelygreorganizedgaccordinggtogthegseculargidealsgofgsocialgequa
litygandgliberty.
However,gthegchaosgandgdisruptiongbroughtgongbygthesegidealsgofgindividualgautonomy,gl
iberty,gandgthegprimacygofgrationalitygandgreasongweregchallengedgbygconservatives,gwho
gpromotedgagreturngtogearliergtimesgwhengsocietygwasgmoregstable.gIngeffect,gconservativ
esgchallengedgthegverygbasisgofgEnlightenmentgthinking.gAftergall,gtheygwouldgsuggest,gt
hegculminationgofgthatgthinkinggledgtogrevolution,gsomethinggnogonegshouldgwant.gAsgdis
cussed,gonegofgthegguidinggprinciplesgofgthegEnlightenmentgwasgthegbeliefgingindividualga
utonomygandgthegabsolutegnecessitygofgindependentgthoughtgandgreflection.gTogEnlighte
nmentgthinkers,gthegindividualgwasgthegbuildinggblockgforgthegentiregsociety.gIngcontrast,g
conservativesgbelievedgthatgsocietygisgnotgthegproductgofgindividualsgbut,grather,gangentit
ygingitself,gindependentgandgseparategfromgthegindividualsgwhogmakegitgup.
Enlightenmentgandgconservativegperspectivesgaregbothgrepresentedgingsociologygthroughg
thegmicrog(individual)gandgmacrog(society-wide)gapproaches,grespectively.
Diff:gModerate
gType:gES
PagegReference:g35-
37gSkill:gConceptual
Objective:gDescribegthegearlygcontributionsgofgsocialgphilosophersgandgtheirgrelevancegtogc
lassicalgsociologicalgtheory.
3) Comparegandgcontrastgfunctionalismgandgconflictgtheorygasgdiscussedgingthegtext.gHo
wgwouldgthegtwogperspectivesgexplaingcrime?gWhichgperspectivegdogyougagreegwithgong
thisgissuegandgwhy?
Answer:
Functionalistsgviewgthegsocialgworldgasgagdynamicgsystemgofginterrelatedgandginterdepen
dentgparts.gSocialgstructuresgexistgtoghelpgpeoplegfulfillgtheirgwantsgandgdesiresgasgdefined
gbygsocialgvalues.
Conflictgtheorygisgbasedgongthegassumptiongthatgsocietygisggroundedgonginequalitygandgco
mpetitiongovergscarcegresourcesgthatgultimatelygresultgingconflict,gwhichgoftenginspiresgso
cialgchange.gTwogbasicgprinciplesgthatgallgconflictgtheoristsgsharegaregthatg(1)gpowergisgth
egcoregofgallgsocialgrelationshipsgandgisgscarcegandgunequallygdividedgamonggmembersgofg
society,gandg(2)gsocialgvaluesgandgthegdominantgideologygaregvehiclesgbygwhichgthegpow
erfulgpromotegtheirgownginterestsgatgthegexpensegofgthegweak.
Forgfunctionalists,gcrimegmightgbegconsideredgfunctionalgorgdysfunctional,gwhereasgconf
lictgtheoristsgwouldgviewgcrimegasgagproductgofgangunequalgsystemgthatgproducesginequal
itygbetweengthosegingpowergandgthosegwhogaregmarginalized.gIngtheglattergcase,gcrimegrefl
ectsgtheginterestsgofgthosegingpower.
Diff:gChallenging
Copyrightg©g2016gPearsongCanadagInc
.
2-2
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOADgTHEgTestgBankgforgExploringgSociologygCanadiangPerspectiveg3rd
EditiongRavelli
Ravelli/Webber:gExploringgSociology:gAgCanadiangPerspective,gThirdgEditiongChap
terg02:gClassicalgSocialgTheories
Type:gES
PagegReference:g38-
39/47gSkill:gApplied/Con
ceptual
Objective:gReviewgandgcritiquegfunctionalismgandgthegcontributionsgofgitsgprincipalgtheor
ists,greviewgandgcritiquegconflictgtheorygandgthegcontributionsgofgitsgfoundinggtheorists.
4) ExplainghowgSpencer’sgideagofg“survivalgofgthegfittest”gledgtogthegconceptgandgpractic
egofgsocialgDarwinismgingthegUS.gHowgisgthisgpositionginconsistentgwithgthegsociologic
algimagination,gandgwhygdogsociologistsgtendgtogbegquitegcriticalgofgthesegideas?
Answer:
Spencergcamegtogbelievegthatgoverpopulationgwouldgbecomegagsocialgproblemgovergtimeg
andgbelievedgthat,gasgagresult,gpeoplegwouldgbegforcedgtogcompetegovergincreasinglygscarc
egresources.gThisgledghimgtogcoingthegtermgsurvivalgofgthegfittest.gSpencergarguedgthatgsoc
ietiesgcangbegselectedgforgingthegsamegwaygasgbiologicalgorganisms.
ThisgresultedgingSpencer’sgconceptgofgsocialgDarwinism,gwhichgemploysgagfunctionalistg
approachgbygsuggestinggthatgsocietiesgevolvegbecausegtheregisgagreasongforgthegchangesg(
i.e.,gtheygneedgtogsurvive).gSpencer’sgapproachgbecamegverygpopulargingthegUnitedgStates
,gasgitghelpedgtogexplaingwhygsomegingsocietygweregdoinggwellgandgothersgweregnot.gSom
egweregsimplygmoregevolvedgorgbettergadaptedgthangothers.gAndgsincegthisgwasgagnaturalg
process,gmanygbelievedgthatgnaturegshouldgbegallowedgtogtakegitsgcoursegandgthatgtoginter
feregwouldgonlygmakegmattersgworse.
Thisgpositiongisginconsistentgwithgthegsociologicalgimaginationgsincegitgdeniesgangappreciat
iongofginheritedgsocialgdisadvantagegandgoutrightgdiscrimination.gAsgsuch,gsociologistsgvie
wgSpencer’sgideasgwithgagcriticalgeyegforgagnumbergofgreasons.gFirst,gthesegideasgprovidedg
justificationgforgcolonialgexpansiongbygrichgandgpowerfulgcountriesgtogpoorgandgweakgones
gsimplygbecausegthesegcountriesgweregcapablegofgit.gSecond,ghowgwouldgSpencergexplaingt
hegfactgthatgsomegchildrengofgthegrichgmaintaingtheirgadvantagegevengthoughgtheygdognotgp
ossessganygofgtheirgparents’gpositivegattributes?gThird,gSpencer’sgargumentgequatesgevoluti
ongwithgprogressgandgassumesgthatgovergtimeghumangsocietygwillginevitablygimprove,gwhic
hghasgnotgbeengprovengovergtime.
Diff:gModerate
gType:gES
PagegReference:g39-
40gSkill:gApplied/Concep
tual
Objective:gReviewgandgcritiquegfunctionalismgandgthegcontributionsgofgitsgprincipalgtheor
ists,greviewgandgcritiquegconflictgtheorygandgthegcontributionsgofgitsgfoundinggtheorists.
Copyrightg©g2016gPearsongCanadagInc
.
2-3
mynursytest.store
