2024/2025 Pearson Edexcel A Level
Geography Paper 1 (9GEO/01)
Natural Hazard - correct answersA naturally occurring process or event that has the potential to
effect people.
Natural Disaster - correct answersA major natural hazard that causes significant social,
economic and environmental change.
Vulnerability - correct answersThe ability to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from a
natural hazard.
Resilience - correct answersThe ability to bounce back after a natural hazard.
When does a natural hazard become a natural disaster. - correct answersA disaster occurs when
a hazard strikes a vulnerable population that cannot cope with the impacts using its own
resources. The scale of the disaster will depend on two factors:
1. The magnitude of the disaster
2. The vulnerability of the population
Degg's model - correct answersA good way of portraying the magnitude of the disaster and the
vulnerability of the population and how they interrelate. The greater the overlap the bigger the
disaster will be.
Physical causes of Haiti earthquake natural disaster - correct answers- Haiti sits on a fault line
between North America and Caribbean plates
- Earthquake of magnitude 7.0 near the capital.
- Liquefaction on looser soil can make foundations unstable and collapse.
- Shallow focus
- Epicentre close to the capital which effected country's ability to cope.
Human causes of Haiti earthquake natural disaster - correct answers- Haiti is a poor country
with weak governance so there is a lack of preparation.
,- Haiti has poorly constructed buildings which are likely to collapse.
- Dense environment made it hard to recover.
- Lack of awareness of what to do
- Local people did not have adequate resources
Earthquake social primary effects - correct answers- Deaths
- Injuries
- Homelessness
- Destruction of schools
- Destruction of hospitals
Earthquake social secondary effects - correct answers- Loss of livelihood
- Spreading of disease
- Prevalent mental distress
- People left without an option of recovery
Earthquake economic primary effects - correct answers- Financial cost of the disaster and
rebuilding
- Cost of rescue services
- People left jobless
- Destruction of factories
- Destruction of crops
- Destruction of travel infrastructure
Earthquake economic secondary effects - correct answers- Cost of repair services
- Prevents access from emergency services
- Less money generated for the economy to recover
- Famine
Earthquake environmental primary effects - correct answers- Destruction of historic landmarks
- Landslides
,- Crumbling of geology
Earthquake environmental secondary effects - correct answers- Landslides can kill off
populations and badly damage ecosystems
- Less investment in the area
- Ground is too unstable to build on
Earth structure - correct answersThe core
The mantle
The crust
Earth - The Core - correct answersat the centre, this consists of two parts
- The inner core
- The outer core
Earth - The inner core - correct answersAt the very centre of the earth, and is the hottest part. It
is solid and mostly consists of iron.
Earth - The outer core - correct answersWhich is semi-molten and mostly liquid iron and nickel.
Temperatures there range between 4500-6000 C
Earth - The mantle - correct answersSurrounds the core, and is the widest layer making up the
earth. The upper part is solid but below is molten rock - forming the asthenosphere.
Earth - The crust - correct answersForms the outer shell of the earth. Two types
- Oceanic
- Continental
Earth - Oceanic crust - correct answersThin, dense layer, which lines the ocean floor. Mainly
made from basalt.
Earth - Continental crust - correct answersAn older, thickest layer, which makes up the earth's
landmasses. It is less done than oceanic crust. Mainly made from granite.
Lithosphere - correct answersThe crust and upper solid part of the mantle - the solid layer that
constitutes the tectonic plates.
Continental drift - correct answersWegener believed that the continents gradually began to drift
apart around 300 million years ago.
Plate tectonic theory elements - correct answers1. Convection currents
, 2. Subduction
3. Slab pull
4. Sea floor spreading
Convection currents - correct answers- Heat produced by the decay of radioactive elements in
the earth's core heats the lower mantle.
- This heated mantle becomes lighter and rises.
- As it rises towards the crust it cools and sinks
- This heating and cooling causes convection currents
Subduction - correct answers- At subduction zones crust is being destroyed
- As two plates move together the heavier oceanic crust is subducted
- As it is subducted into the magma, it melts. This i known as the subduction zone.
Slab pull - correct answersAs the oceanic plate is subducted the rest of the plate is pulled
downwards as well.
Sea floor spreading - correct answers- In the middle of many oceans are huge ocean ridges or
underwater mountain ranges.
- These have formed when hot magma has been forced upwards from the asthenosphere and
solidifies forming new oceanic crust
- The new ocean crust pushes the tectonic plates in a process called sea floor spreading.
Evidence of plate tectonics - correct answers- Paleomagnetism
- Jigsaw continent
- Fossils and mountains
- Location of earthquakes and volcanoes
- Hot spot volcanoes
Evidence of plate tectonics - Paleomagnetism - correct answersThe study of past changes in the
Earth's magnetic field. Every 400000 ears the earths magnetic field switches, causing the
magnetic north and south to swap. When lava cools and becomes rock the minerals in the rock
line up with the earths magnetic direction at that time. Scientist studying mid ocean ridges
found the same pattern of magnetic direction on either side of the ridge and that the age of the
Geography Paper 1 (9GEO/01)
Natural Hazard - correct answersA naturally occurring process or event that has the potential to
effect people.
Natural Disaster - correct answersA major natural hazard that causes significant social,
economic and environmental change.
Vulnerability - correct answersThe ability to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from a
natural hazard.
Resilience - correct answersThe ability to bounce back after a natural hazard.
When does a natural hazard become a natural disaster. - correct answersA disaster occurs when
a hazard strikes a vulnerable population that cannot cope with the impacts using its own
resources. The scale of the disaster will depend on two factors:
1. The magnitude of the disaster
2. The vulnerability of the population
Degg's model - correct answersA good way of portraying the magnitude of the disaster and the
vulnerability of the population and how they interrelate. The greater the overlap the bigger the
disaster will be.
Physical causes of Haiti earthquake natural disaster - correct answers- Haiti sits on a fault line
between North America and Caribbean plates
- Earthquake of magnitude 7.0 near the capital.
- Liquefaction on looser soil can make foundations unstable and collapse.
- Shallow focus
- Epicentre close to the capital which effected country's ability to cope.
Human causes of Haiti earthquake natural disaster - correct answers- Haiti is a poor country
with weak governance so there is a lack of preparation.
,- Haiti has poorly constructed buildings which are likely to collapse.
- Dense environment made it hard to recover.
- Lack of awareness of what to do
- Local people did not have adequate resources
Earthquake social primary effects - correct answers- Deaths
- Injuries
- Homelessness
- Destruction of schools
- Destruction of hospitals
Earthquake social secondary effects - correct answers- Loss of livelihood
- Spreading of disease
- Prevalent mental distress
- People left without an option of recovery
Earthquake economic primary effects - correct answers- Financial cost of the disaster and
rebuilding
- Cost of rescue services
- People left jobless
- Destruction of factories
- Destruction of crops
- Destruction of travel infrastructure
Earthquake economic secondary effects - correct answers- Cost of repair services
- Prevents access from emergency services
- Less money generated for the economy to recover
- Famine
Earthquake environmental primary effects - correct answers- Destruction of historic landmarks
- Landslides
,- Crumbling of geology
Earthquake environmental secondary effects - correct answers- Landslides can kill off
populations and badly damage ecosystems
- Less investment in the area
- Ground is too unstable to build on
Earth structure - correct answersThe core
The mantle
The crust
Earth - The Core - correct answersat the centre, this consists of two parts
- The inner core
- The outer core
Earth - The inner core - correct answersAt the very centre of the earth, and is the hottest part. It
is solid and mostly consists of iron.
Earth - The outer core - correct answersWhich is semi-molten and mostly liquid iron and nickel.
Temperatures there range between 4500-6000 C
Earth - The mantle - correct answersSurrounds the core, and is the widest layer making up the
earth. The upper part is solid but below is molten rock - forming the asthenosphere.
Earth - The crust - correct answersForms the outer shell of the earth. Two types
- Oceanic
- Continental
Earth - Oceanic crust - correct answersThin, dense layer, which lines the ocean floor. Mainly
made from basalt.
Earth - Continental crust - correct answersAn older, thickest layer, which makes up the earth's
landmasses. It is less done than oceanic crust. Mainly made from granite.
Lithosphere - correct answersThe crust and upper solid part of the mantle - the solid layer that
constitutes the tectonic plates.
Continental drift - correct answersWegener believed that the continents gradually began to drift
apart around 300 million years ago.
Plate tectonic theory elements - correct answers1. Convection currents
, 2. Subduction
3. Slab pull
4. Sea floor spreading
Convection currents - correct answers- Heat produced by the decay of radioactive elements in
the earth's core heats the lower mantle.
- This heated mantle becomes lighter and rises.
- As it rises towards the crust it cools and sinks
- This heating and cooling causes convection currents
Subduction - correct answers- At subduction zones crust is being destroyed
- As two plates move together the heavier oceanic crust is subducted
- As it is subducted into the magma, it melts. This i known as the subduction zone.
Slab pull - correct answersAs the oceanic plate is subducted the rest of the plate is pulled
downwards as well.
Sea floor spreading - correct answers- In the middle of many oceans are huge ocean ridges or
underwater mountain ranges.
- These have formed when hot magma has been forced upwards from the asthenosphere and
solidifies forming new oceanic crust
- The new ocean crust pushes the tectonic plates in a process called sea floor spreading.
Evidence of plate tectonics - correct answers- Paleomagnetism
- Jigsaw continent
- Fossils and mountains
- Location of earthquakes and volcanoes
- Hot spot volcanoes
Evidence of plate tectonics - Paleomagnetism - correct answersThe study of past changes in the
Earth's magnetic field. Every 400000 ears the earths magnetic field switches, causing the
magnetic north and south to swap. When lava cools and becomes rock the minerals in the rock
line up with the earths magnetic direction at that time. Scientist studying mid ocean ridges
found the same pattern of magnetic direction on either side of the ridge and that the age of the
