,Modern Systems Analysis g g
and Design g
8th Edition
g
Joseph S. Valacich
g g
Universityg ofg Arizona
Joey F. George
g g
IowagStategUniversity
Bostong Columbusg Indianapolisg NewgYorkg SangFrancisco
Amsterdamg CapegTowng Dubaig Londong Madridg Milang Munichg Parisg Montréalg Torontog
Delhig MexicogCityg SãogPaulog Sydneyg HonggKongg Seoulg Singaporeg Taipeig Tokyo
,Viceg President,g Businessg Publishing:g Donnag Battista ProjectgManager:gIlenegKahng Operatio
Editor-in-Chief:g Stephanieg Wall nsgSpecialist:gDianegPeiranog Creativeg
SeniorgSponsoringgEditor:gNeeragBhallag Ac Director:gBlairgBrown
quisitionsgEditor:gSamanthagLewisg Program ArtgDirector:gJanetgSlowik
gManager:gEmilygBiberger VicegPresident,gDirectorgofgDigitalgStrategyga
EditorialgAssistants:gOliviagVignone,gMichaelgCampbel ndgAssessment:gPaulgGentile
lgVicegPresident,gProductgMarketing:gMaggiegMoyla ManagergofgLearninggApplications:gPaulgDeLuca
ngDirectorgofgMarketing,gDigitalgServices Full-
andg Products:g Jeanetteg Koskinas ServicegProjectgManagementgandgComposition:g
ExecutivegFieldgMarketinggManager:gAdamgGoldstein GeorgegJacob/Integra
FieldgMarketinggManager:gLennygAnngRaper InteriorgDesigner:gIntegragSoftwaregServices,gInc.g
Productg MarketinggAssistant:g JessicagQuazza CovergDesigner:gIntegragSoftwaregServices,gInc.gC
TeamgLead,gProgramgManagement:gAshleygSantora overgArt:ghunthomas/123rf
TeamgLead,gProjectgManagement:gJeffgHolcomb Printer/Binder:g RRg Donnelley/Roanoke
Coverg Printer:g Phoenixg Color/Hagerstown
Microsoftgand/orgitsgrespectivegsuppliersgmakegnogrepresentationsgaboutgthegsuitabilitygofgtheginformationgcontaine
dgingthegdocumentsgandgrelatedggraphicsgpublishedgasgpartgofgthegservicesgforganygpurpose.gAllgsuchgdocumentsgan
dgrelatedggraphicsgaregprovidedg“asgis”gwithoutgwarrantygofganygkind.gMicrosoftgand/orgitsgrespectivegsuppliersghe
rebygdisclaimgallgwarrantiesgandgconditionsgwithgregardgtogthisginformation,gincludinggallgwarrantiesgandgcondition
sgofgmerchantability,gwhethergexpress,gimpliedgorgstatutory,gfitnessgforgagparticulargpurpose,gtitlegandgnon-
infringement.gIngnogeventgshallgMicrosoftgand/orgitsgrespectivegsuppliersgbegliablegforganygspecial,gindirectgorgcons
equentialgdamagesgorganygdamagesgwhatsoevergresultinggfromglossgofguse,gdatagorgprofits,gwhethergingangactiongof
gcontract, gnegligence gorgothergtortious gaction, garisinggoutgofgorgingconnection gwith gthegusegorgperformance gofginfor
mationgavailablegfromgthegservices.
Thegdocumentsgandgrelatedggraphicsgcontainedghereingcouldgincludegtechnicalginaccuraciesgorgtypographicalger
rors.gChangesgaregperiodicallygaddedgtogtheginformationgherein.gMicrosoftgand/orgitsgrespectivegsuppliersgmayg
makegimprovementsgand/orgchangesgingthegproduct(s)gand/orgthegprogram(s)gdescribedghereingatganygtime.
Partialgscreengshotsgmaygbegviewedgingfullgwithingthegsoftwaregversiongspecified.
Microsoft®gandgWindows®garegregisteredgtrademarksgofgthegMicrosoftgCorporationgingthegU.S.A.gandgothergcountrie
s.gThisgbookgisgnotgsponsoredgorgendorsedgbygorgaffiliatedgwithgthegMicrosoftgCorporation.
Copyrightg ©g 2017,g 2014,g 2011g byg Pearsong Education,g Inc.g org itsg affiliates.g Allg Rightsg Reserved.g Manufactured
ingthegUnitedgStatesgofgAmerica.gThisgpublicationgisgprotectedgbygcopyright,gandgpermissiongshouldgbegobtaine
dgfromgthegpublishergpriorgtoganygprohibitedgreproduction,gstoragegingagretrievalgsystem,gorgtransmissiongingany
gformgorgbyganygmeans,gelectronic, gmechanical, gphotocopying, grecording, gorgotherwise. gForginformation gregardi
nggpermissions,grequestgforms,gandgthegappropriategcontactsgwithingthegPearsongEducationgGlobalgRightsgandg
Permissionsgdepartment,gpleasegvisitgwww.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
Acknowledgmentsgofgthird-partygcontentgappeargongthegappropriategpagegwithingthegtext.
PEARSONg andg ALWAYSg LEARNINGg areg exclusiveg trademarksg ownedg byg Pearsong Education,g Inc.g org itsg affiliatesg
ingthegU.S.gand/orgothergcountries.
Unlessgotherwisegindicatedgherein,ganygthird-
partygtrademarks,glogos,gorgiconsgthatgmaygappeargingthisgworkgaregthegpropertygofgtheirgrespectivegowners,gandgany
greferencesgtogthird-
partygtrademarks,glogos,gicons,gorgothergtradegdressgaregforgdemonstrativegorgdescriptivegpurposesgonly.gSuchgrefer
encesgaregnotgintendedgtogimplyganygsponsorship,gendorsement,gauthorization,gorgpromotiongofgPearson’sgproducts
gbygthegownersgofgsuchgmarks,gorganygrelationship gbetween gthegowner gandgPearson gEducation, gInc.,gorgitsgaffiliate
s,gauthors,glicensees,gorgdistributors.
LibrarygofgCongressgCataloging-in-PublicationgData
Hoffer,g Jeffreyg A.
Moderng systemsg analysisg andg design/Jeffreyg A.g Hoffer,g Universityg ofg Dayton,g Joeyg F.g George,g Iowag Stateg University,
gJoseph gS.gValacich, gUniversity gofgArizona.-—Eighth gedition.
pagesgcm
Includesgbibliographicalgreferencesgandgindex.g
ISBN-13:g978-0-13-420492-5
ISBN-10:g 0-13-420492-1
1.g Systemgdesign.g 2.g Systemganalysis.g I.g George,gJoeygF.g II.g Valacich,gJosephgS.,g1959–
g III.g Title.gQA76.9.S88H6197g2015
003—dc23
2015013648
10g 9g 8g 7g 6g 5g 4g 3g 2g 1
ISBNg10: 0-13-420492-1
ISBNg13:g978-0-13-420492-5
, Togmygmother,gMarygValacich.gYougaregthegbest!
—Joe
Togmygmother,gLoreegGeorge
—Joey
and Design g
8th Edition
g
Joseph S. Valacich
g g
Universityg ofg Arizona
Joey F. George
g g
IowagStategUniversity
Bostong Columbusg Indianapolisg NewgYorkg SangFrancisco
Amsterdamg CapegTowng Dubaig Londong Madridg Milang Munichg Parisg Montréalg Torontog
Delhig MexicogCityg SãogPaulog Sydneyg HonggKongg Seoulg Singaporeg Taipeig Tokyo
,Viceg President,g Businessg Publishing:g Donnag Battista ProjectgManager:gIlenegKahng Operatio
Editor-in-Chief:g Stephanieg Wall nsgSpecialist:gDianegPeiranog Creativeg
SeniorgSponsoringgEditor:gNeeragBhallag Ac Director:gBlairgBrown
quisitionsgEditor:gSamanthagLewisg Program ArtgDirector:gJanetgSlowik
gManager:gEmilygBiberger VicegPresident,gDirectorgofgDigitalgStrategyga
EditorialgAssistants:gOliviagVignone,gMichaelgCampbel ndgAssessment:gPaulgGentile
lgVicegPresident,gProductgMarketing:gMaggiegMoyla ManagergofgLearninggApplications:gPaulgDeLuca
ngDirectorgofgMarketing,gDigitalgServices Full-
andg Products:g Jeanetteg Koskinas ServicegProjectgManagementgandgComposition:g
ExecutivegFieldgMarketinggManager:gAdamgGoldstein GeorgegJacob/Integra
FieldgMarketinggManager:gLennygAnngRaper InteriorgDesigner:gIntegragSoftwaregServices,gInc.g
Productg MarketinggAssistant:g JessicagQuazza CovergDesigner:gIntegragSoftwaregServices,gInc.gC
TeamgLead,gProgramgManagement:gAshleygSantora overgArt:ghunthomas/123rf
TeamgLead,gProjectgManagement:gJeffgHolcomb Printer/Binder:g RRg Donnelley/Roanoke
Coverg Printer:g Phoenixg Color/Hagerstown
Microsoftgand/orgitsgrespectivegsuppliersgmakegnogrepresentationsgaboutgthegsuitabilitygofgtheginformationgcontaine
dgingthegdocumentsgandgrelatedggraphicsgpublishedgasgpartgofgthegservicesgforganygpurpose.gAllgsuchgdocumentsgan
dgrelatedggraphicsgaregprovidedg“asgis”gwithoutgwarrantygofganygkind.gMicrosoftgand/orgitsgrespectivegsuppliersghe
rebygdisclaimgallgwarrantiesgandgconditionsgwithgregardgtogthisginformation,gincludinggallgwarrantiesgandgcondition
sgofgmerchantability,gwhethergexpress,gimpliedgorgstatutory,gfitnessgforgagparticulargpurpose,gtitlegandgnon-
infringement.gIngnogeventgshallgMicrosoftgand/orgitsgrespectivegsuppliersgbegliablegforganygspecial,gindirectgorgcons
equentialgdamagesgorganygdamagesgwhatsoevergresultinggfromglossgofguse,gdatagorgprofits,gwhethergingangactiongof
gcontract, gnegligence gorgothergtortious gaction, garisinggoutgofgorgingconnection gwith gthegusegorgperformance gofginfor
mationgavailablegfromgthegservices.
Thegdocumentsgandgrelatedggraphicsgcontainedghereingcouldgincludegtechnicalginaccuraciesgorgtypographicalger
rors.gChangesgaregperiodicallygaddedgtogtheginformationgherein.gMicrosoftgand/orgitsgrespectivegsuppliersgmayg
makegimprovementsgand/orgchangesgingthegproduct(s)gand/orgthegprogram(s)gdescribedghereingatganygtime.
Partialgscreengshotsgmaygbegviewedgingfullgwithingthegsoftwaregversiongspecified.
Microsoft®gandgWindows®garegregisteredgtrademarksgofgthegMicrosoftgCorporationgingthegU.S.A.gandgothergcountrie
s.gThisgbookgisgnotgsponsoredgorgendorsedgbygorgaffiliatedgwithgthegMicrosoftgCorporation.
Copyrightg ©g 2017,g 2014,g 2011g byg Pearsong Education,g Inc.g org itsg affiliates.g Allg Rightsg Reserved.g Manufactured
ingthegUnitedgStatesgofgAmerica.gThisgpublicationgisgprotectedgbygcopyright,gandgpermissiongshouldgbegobtaine
dgfromgthegpublishergpriorgtoganygprohibitedgreproduction,gstoragegingagretrievalgsystem,gorgtransmissiongingany
gformgorgbyganygmeans,gelectronic, gmechanical, gphotocopying, grecording, gorgotherwise. gForginformation gregardi
nggpermissions,grequestgforms,gandgthegappropriategcontactsgwithingthegPearsongEducationgGlobalgRightsgandg
Permissionsgdepartment,gpleasegvisitgwww.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
Acknowledgmentsgofgthird-partygcontentgappeargongthegappropriategpagegwithingthegtext.
PEARSONg andg ALWAYSg LEARNINGg areg exclusiveg trademarksg ownedg byg Pearsong Education,g Inc.g org itsg affiliatesg
ingthegU.S.gand/orgothergcountries.
Unlessgotherwisegindicatedgherein,ganygthird-
partygtrademarks,glogos,gorgiconsgthatgmaygappeargingthisgworkgaregthegpropertygofgtheirgrespectivegowners,gandgany
greferencesgtogthird-
partygtrademarks,glogos,gicons,gorgothergtradegdressgaregforgdemonstrativegorgdescriptivegpurposesgonly.gSuchgrefer
encesgaregnotgintendedgtogimplyganygsponsorship,gendorsement,gauthorization,gorgpromotiongofgPearson’sgproducts
gbygthegownersgofgsuchgmarks,gorganygrelationship gbetween gthegowner gandgPearson gEducation, gInc.,gorgitsgaffiliate
s,gauthors,glicensees,gorgdistributors.
LibrarygofgCongressgCataloging-in-PublicationgData
Hoffer,g Jeffreyg A.
Moderng systemsg analysisg andg design/Jeffreyg A.g Hoffer,g Universityg ofg Dayton,g Joeyg F.g George,g Iowag Stateg University,
gJoseph gS.gValacich, gUniversity gofgArizona.-—Eighth gedition.
pagesgcm
Includesgbibliographicalgreferencesgandgindex.g
ISBN-13:g978-0-13-420492-5
ISBN-10:g 0-13-420492-1
1.g Systemgdesign.g 2.g Systemganalysis.g I.g George,gJoeygF.g II.g Valacich,gJosephgS.,g1959–
g III.g Title.gQA76.9.S88H6197g2015
003—dc23
2015013648
10g 9g 8g 7g 6g 5g 4g 3g 2g 1
ISBNg10: 0-13-420492-1
ISBNg13:g978-0-13-420492-5
, Togmygmother,gMarygValacich.gYougaregthegbest!
—Joe
Togmygmother,gLoreegGeorge
—Joey
