HWE Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers Fully Solved
what features of hazards tend to generate outrage? - Answers -Hazard kills many at once (air crash)
-Evokes gut dread (radiation)
-Hazard is new or unfamiliar
-Consequences silent and delayed (latency)
-Not within person's control
-Involuntary
-Victims are nearby
slovic's factors that influence risk: - Answers -Factor 1 - Dread Risk
-Lack of control
-Dread
-Catastrophic potential
-Inequitable distribution of risks & benefits
-Factor 2 - Unknown Risk
-Unobservable
-Unknown & New
-Delayed in their manifestation of harm
precautionary principle: - Answers -Preventative or anticipatory measures should be taken when an
activity raises threats of harm to the environment, wildlife, human health even before cause and effect
relationships are established—more common in Europe = REACH.
environmental justice: - Answers -No group should bear a disproportionate share of negative
environmental consequences
-All should have equal access to the decision-making process
US EPA 7 cardinal rules of risk communication: - Answers -accept and involve the public as a legitimate
partner
-plan carefully and evaluate your efforts
-listen to the public's specific concerns
,-be honest, frank, and open
-coordinate and collaborate with other credible sources
-meet the needs of the media
-speak clearly and with compassion
CERCLA priority list of hazardous substances: - Answers 1.arsenic→ metalloid
2.lead→ metal
3.mercury → metal
4. Vinyl chloride → organic
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)--> organic
6. Benzene → organic
7. Cadmium → metal
8. benzo(a)pyrene → organic
9. Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)--> organic
10. benzo(b) fluoranthene → organic
-Substances on the CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances include metals, metalloids and organic
compounds. In 2011, four of the top ten substances on the priority list were metals or metalloids. The
remaining substances were organic pollutants.
classification of metals according to their toxicity - Answers --->
major toxic metals: - Answers -multiple toxic effects
-examples: arsenic, lead, mercury
-As with other toxicants, the dose of the essential metal makes the poison.
essential metals: - Answers -potentially have toxic effects
-ex: copper
metals related to medical therapy: - Answers -aluminum, gold, lithium
-Aluminum, gold and lithium are used for medical and other purposes.
a. For example, aluminum is used in antacids and anti-perspirants, gold is employed in dentistry and
lithium is a component of antipsychotic drugs.
, b. However, these metals can also be toxic. Aluminum exposure has been associate with Alzheimer's
disease and lithium can be neurotoxic. Even minor toxic metals can cause toxicity. As shown in the
picture, consumption of colloidal silver can literally turn somebody's skin blue.
minor toxic metals: - Answers -silver (cause "argyria")
metals are PBT: - Answers -persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic
arsenic and its toxicity: - Answers -crystalline metalloid (element with properties between a metal and
nonmetal)
-toxicity depends on its chemical form
-70 to 180 mg can be fatal
-Arsenic (As) is widely distributed in the environment and displays characteristics between a metal and
nonmetal. Its toxicity is complex because it can exist in different chemical forms (e.g., trivalent or
pentavalent). Arsenic has been frequently used as a poison because ingestion of relatively small
quantities can be fatal in humans. In some cases arsenic has ended up in the food chain, which has
resulted in massive arsenic poisonings
potential sources of arsenic exposure: - Answers -natural, industrial sources, arsenic containing
products, drugs
natural environmental sources (arsenic): - Answers -soil
-water (including drinking water)
-seafood (typically considered non-toxic; rapidly excreted)
industrial sources (arsenic): - Answers -smelting of gold, lead, zinc, etc.
-coal fired- power plants
-purification of industrial gases
arsenic containing products: - Answers -insecticides to kill ants
-wood preservative (pressure treatment of lumber for playground equipment)
-devices containing semi-conductors
-(Some manmade products, including certain insecticides, wood preservatives, semiconductors and
drugs, contain arsenic.)
drug (exposure to arsenic): - Answers -cancer chemotherapy
-salvarsan to treat syphilis (before antibiotics became available)
what features of hazards tend to generate outrage? - Answers -Hazard kills many at once (air crash)
-Evokes gut dread (radiation)
-Hazard is new or unfamiliar
-Consequences silent and delayed (latency)
-Not within person's control
-Involuntary
-Victims are nearby
slovic's factors that influence risk: - Answers -Factor 1 - Dread Risk
-Lack of control
-Dread
-Catastrophic potential
-Inequitable distribution of risks & benefits
-Factor 2 - Unknown Risk
-Unobservable
-Unknown & New
-Delayed in their manifestation of harm
precautionary principle: - Answers -Preventative or anticipatory measures should be taken when an
activity raises threats of harm to the environment, wildlife, human health even before cause and effect
relationships are established—more common in Europe = REACH.
environmental justice: - Answers -No group should bear a disproportionate share of negative
environmental consequences
-All should have equal access to the decision-making process
US EPA 7 cardinal rules of risk communication: - Answers -accept and involve the public as a legitimate
partner
-plan carefully and evaluate your efforts
-listen to the public's specific concerns
,-be honest, frank, and open
-coordinate and collaborate with other credible sources
-meet the needs of the media
-speak clearly and with compassion
CERCLA priority list of hazardous substances: - Answers 1.arsenic→ metalloid
2.lead→ metal
3.mercury → metal
4. Vinyl chloride → organic
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)--> organic
6. Benzene → organic
7. Cadmium → metal
8. benzo(a)pyrene → organic
9. Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)--> organic
10. benzo(b) fluoranthene → organic
-Substances on the CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances include metals, metalloids and organic
compounds. In 2011, four of the top ten substances on the priority list were metals or metalloids. The
remaining substances were organic pollutants.
classification of metals according to their toxicity - Answers --->
major toxic metals: - Answers -multiple toxic effects
-examples: arsenic, lead, mercury
-As with other toxicants, the dose of the essential metal makes the poison.
essential metals: - Answers -potentially have toxic effects
-ex: copper
metals related to medical therapy: - Answers -aluminum, gold, lithium
-Aluminum, gold and lithium are used for medical and other purposes.
a. For example, aluminum is used in antacids and anti-perspirants, gold is employed in dentistry and
lithium is a component of antipsychotic drugs.
, b. However, these metals can also be toxic. Aluminum exposure has been associate with Alzheimer's
disease and lithium can be neurotoxic. Even minor toxic metals can cause toxicity. As shown in the
picture, consumption of colloidal silver can literally turn somebody's skin blue.
minor toxic metals: - Answers -silver (cause "argyria")
metals are PBT: - Answers -persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic
arsenic and its toxicity: - Answers -crystalline metalloid (element with properties between a metal and
nonmetal)
-toxicity depends on its chemical form
-70 to 180 mg can be fatal
-Arsenic (As) is widely distributed in the environment and displays characteristics between a metal and
nonmetal. Its toxicity is complex because it can exist in different chemical forms (e.g., trivalent or
pentavalent). Arsenic has been frequently used as a poison because ingestion of relatively small
quantities can be fatal in humans. In some cases arsenic has ended up in the food chain, which has
resulted in massive arsenic poisonings
potential sources of arsenic exposure: - Answers -natural, industrial sources, arsenic containing
products, drugs
natural environmental sources (arsenic): - Answers -soil
-water (including drinking water)
-seafood (typically considered non-toxic; rapidly excreted)
industrial sources (arsenic): - Answers -smelting of gold, lead, zinc, etc.
-coal fired- power plants
-purification of industrial gases
arsenic containing products: - Answers -insecticides to kill ants
-wood preservative (pressure treatment of lumber for playground equipment)
-devices containing semi-conductors
-(Some manmade products, including certain insecticides, wood preservatives, semiconductors and
drugs, contain arsenic.)
drug (exposure to arsenic): - Answers -cancer chemotherapy
-salvarsan to treat syphilis (before antibiotics became available)
