Control & Coordination PRASHANT KIRAD Synapse
Gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of the
Coordination: working together of the various organs of an
other neuron.
organism to adjust various activities of life.
Electrical signal to Chemical signals
Stimuli: change in the environment that can cause a physical or
behavioral change in a living organism. Neuromuscular junction (NMJ):
a synaptic connection between the
Response: the reaction of an organism to an internal or external
terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle.
stimulus.
Receptors: Cells or groups Photo Dendrites Cell body Axon Nerve ending Synapse
of cells in sense organs
that detect stimuli and Thermo Olfactory
Types of Neuron:
convert them into impulses.
Sensory Neurons Transmit impulses from sense organs to brain
Effectors: Parts of the body that
Motor Neurons Transmit impulses from Brain and spinal cord to body
respond to impulses sent by the nervous
Relay Neurons Allow sensory and motor neuron to communicate
system, converting them into actions. e.g. Phono Gustatory
muscles and glands. Aspect Voluntary Actions Involuntary Reflex Actions
COORDINATION IN ANIMALS: Actions
Nervous system Definition Actions under Actions occurring
Sudden, automatic
conscious control without conscious
Endocrine system responses to
control
Central Hormones stimuli
Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Controlled by
Involves the brain’s Controlled by
Fore - Brain Cranial nerves
Spinal nerve Control thinking and decision- the autonomic
Mid - Brain the spinal cord
Arise from the brain Arise from making nervous system
Hind- Brain via reflex arc
spinal cord or lower brain
Cell body centers
NEURONS: Acquired information Heartbeat, Pulling hand away
Examples Walking, writing,
travels as an electrical impulse digestion, from a hot
speaking
breathing object, blinking
Axon
Longest fibre on the cell body. It Reflex action: spontaneous automatic and involuntary response.
transmits electrical impulse from
Monitored through the spinal cord.
cell body to dendrite of next neuron.
Dendrites the pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called
Acquires information Nerve ending reflex arc.
Protection of nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Brain in cranium (bone
box, part of skull). Spinal cord wrapped
Covered by 3 membrane in meninges.
layers (meninges). Protected by
Fluid protects brain from vertebral column
injuries. (backbone).
Vertebral column
Spinal cord: cylindrical made of 33 bones
Human brain: Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. extension of brain, starts (vertebrae).
from medulla.
Most complex or specialized part of brain (largest also).
Surrounded by meninges.
Consists of cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus.
31 pairs of nerves arise.
Functions: Thinking part of the brain Control the voluntary
Handles spinal reflexes.
actions. Store information. Receives sensory impulse
Conducts nerve impulses
Centre associated with hunger. more about Spinal cord
to/from brain.
Controls involuntary actions CHEMICAL COORDINATION IN PLANTS :
such as:
Changing pupil size.
NASTIC TROPIC
reflex movement of head,
neck and trunk
Phototropism: Growth towards
Thigmonasty or away from light.
Control involuntary actions, Non-directional Hydrotropism: Growth in
regulation of respiration movement in response to response to water.
touch (e.g., Mimosa
controls posture and balance. pudica). Chemotrpism: Growth towards or
controls voluntary Precision of voluntary act. away from chemicals.
Photonasty
act. Eg: blood Non-directional Geotropism: Growth in
pressure, movement in response response to gravity.
salivation, vomiting. to light (e.g., dandelion, Thigmotropism : Growth in
moonflower) response to touch.
Gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and dendrite of the
Coordination: working together of the various organs of an
other neuron.
organism to adjust various activities of life.
Electrical signal to Chemical signals
Stimuli: change in the environment that can cause a physical or
behavioral change in a living organism. Neuromuscular junction (NMJ):
a synaptic connection between the
Response: the reaction of an organism to an internal or external
terminal end of a motor nerve and a muscle.
stimulus.
Receptors: Cells or groups Photo Dendrites Cell body Axon Nerve ending Synapse
of cells in sense organs
that detect stimuli and Thermo Olfactory
Types of Neuron:
convert them into impulses.
Sensory Neurons Transmit impulses from sense organs to brain
Effectors: Parts of the body that
Motor Neurons Transmit impulses from Brain and spinal cord to body
respond to impulses sent by the nervous
Relay Neurons Allow sensory and motor neuron to communicate
system, converting them into actions. e.g. Phono Gustatory
muscles and glands. Aspect Voluntary Actions Involuntary Reflex Actions
COORDINATION IN ANIMALS: Actions
Nervous system Definition Actions under Actions occurring
Sudden, automatic
conscious control without conscious
Endocrine system responses to
control
Central Hormones stimuli
Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Controlled by
Involves the brain’s Controlled by
Fore - Brain Cranial nerves
Spinal nerve Control thinking and decision- the autonomic
Mid - Brain the spinal cord
Arise from the brain Arise from making nervous system
Hind- Brain via reflex arc
spinal cord or lower brain
Cell body centers
NEURONS: Acquired information Heartbeat, Pulling hand away
Examples Walking, writing,
travels as an electrical impulse digestion, from a hot
speaking
breathing object, blinking
Axon
Longest fibre on the cell body. It Reflex action: spontaneous automatic and involuntary response.
transmits electrical impulse from
Monitored through the spinal cord.
cell body to dendrite of next neuron.
Dendrites the pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called
Acquires information Nerve ending reflex arc.
Protection of nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Brain in cranium (bone
box, part of skull). Spinal cord wrapped
Covered by 3 membrane in meninges.
layers (meninges). Protected by
Fluid protects brain from vertebral column
injuries. (backbone).
Vertebral column
Spinal cord: cylindrical made of 33 bones
Human brain: Brain is the main coordinating centre of the body. extension of brain, starts (vertebrae).
from medulla.
Most complex or specialized part of brain (largest also).
Surrounded by meninges.
Consists of cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus.
31 pairs of nerves arise.
Functions: Thinking part of the brain Control the voluntary
Handles spinal reflexes.
actions. Store information. Receives sensory impulse
Conducts nerve impulses
Centre associated with hunger. more about Spinal cord
to/from brain.
Controls involuntary actions CHEMICAL COORDINATION IN PLANTS :
such as:
Changing pupil size.
NASTIC TROPIC
reflex movement of head,
neck and trunk
Phototropism: Growth towards
Thigmonasty or away from light.
Control involuntary actions, Non-directional Hydrotropism: Growth in
regulation of respiration movement in response to response to water.
touch (e.g., Mimosa
controls posture and balance. pudica). Chemotrpism: Growth towards or
controls voluntary Precision of voluntary act. away from chemicals.
Photonasty
act. Eg: blood Non-directional Geotropism: Growth in
pressure, movement in response response to gravity.
salivation, vomiting. to light (e.g., dandelion, Thigmotropism : Growth in
moonflower) response to touch.
