TEST BANK for Theories Of Personality 10th Edition By Richard M Ryckman All Chapters 1 to 18 Complete

Chapter 1 g


Introduction to Personality Theory
g g g




LearninggObjectives
AftergreadinggChapterg1,gyougshouldgbegablegto:
1. Expressgyourgowngdefinitiongofgpersonality.
2. Differentiategtheorygfromg(a)gphilosophy,g(b)gspeculation,g (c)g
hypothesis,gandg(d)gtaxonomy.
3. Defendgthegneedgforgmoregthangonegtheory.
4. Showghowgangunderstandinggofgthegvariousgtheorists'glifegstorygisg
relatedgtogtheirgtheory.gg
5. gExplaingthegrelationshipgbetweengtheorygandgobservations.
6. Listgandgexplaingthegcriteriagofgagusefulgtheory.
7. Explaingwhygfalsifiabilitygisgagpositivegcharacteristicgofgagtheory.
8. Discussgvariousgcomponentsgforgagconceptgofghumanity.
9. Definegreliabilitygandgvaliditygandgexplaingwhygbothg
conceptsgaregimportantgingpersonalitygresearch.




SummarygOutline


I. OverviewgofgPersonalitygTheory
FromgtheginvestigationsgofgFreudgduringgtheglastgdecadegofgtheg19thgcen
turyguntilgthegpresentgtime,gseveralgpersonalitygtheoristsghaveg(1)gmadeg
controlledgobservationsgofghumangbehaviorgandg(2)gspeculatedgongthegm
eaninggofgthosegobservations.ggDifferencesgingthegtheoriesgofgthesegmeng

, andgwomengaregduegtogmoregthangdifferencesgingterminology.ggTheygste
mgfromgdifferencesgongbasicgissuesgconcerninggthegnaturegofghumanity.


II. WhatgIsgPersonality?g
ThegtermgpersonalitygcomesgfromgthegLatingwordgpersona,gmeaninggtheg
maskgpeoplegweargorgthegrolegtheygplayginglife.ggHowever,gmostgpsychol
ogistsgusegthegtermgtogrefergtogmuchgmoregthangthegfacegorgfacadegpeopl
egshowgtogothers.gPersonalitygcangbegdefinedgasgagpatterngofgrelativelyg
permanentgtraitsgandguniquegcharacteristicsgthatggivegbothgconsistencyga
ndgindividualitygtoghumangbehavior


III. WhatgisgagTheory?
Thegtermgtheorygisgoftengusedgquiteglooselygandgincorrectlygtogimplygso
methinggothergthangagusefulgscientificgconcept.ggTheoriesgaregusedgbygsc
ientistsgtoggenerategresearchgandgorganizegobservations.
A. TheorygDefined
Agtheorygisgagsetgofgrelatedgassumptionsgthatgallowgscientistsgtoguseglog
icalgdeductivegreasoninggtogformulategtestableghypothesesg
B. TheorygandgItsgRelatives
Peoplegoftengconfusegtheorygwithgphilosophy,gspeculation,ghypothesis,g
orgtaxonomy.ggAlthoughgtheorygisgrelatedgtogeachgofgthesegconcepts,gitgi
sgnotgsynonymousgwithganygofgthem.ggPhilosophy—
theglovegofgwisdom—
isgagbroadergtermgthangtheory,gbutgonegbranchgofgphilosophy—
epistemology—
relatesgtogthegnaturegofgknowledge,gandgtheoriesgaregusedgbygscientistsgi

,ngpursuitgofgknowledge.ggTheoriesgrelygongspeculation,gbutgspeculationg
mustgbegbasedgongthegcontrolledgobservationsgofgscientists.ggSciencegisgt
hegbranchgofgstudygconcernedgwithgobservationgandgclassificationgofgdat
agandgwithgthegverificationgofggeneralglaws.ggTheoriesgaregpracticalgtools
gusedgbygscientistsgtogguidegresearch.ggAgtheorygisgmoreggeneralgthangagh
ypothesisgandgmayggenerategagmultitudegofghypotheses,gthatgis,geducate
dgguesses.ggAgtaxonomygisgagclassificationgsystem,gandgclassificationgis
gnecessarygtogscience.ggTaxonomies,ghowever,gdognotggenerateghypothe
ses—agnecessarygcriteriongofgagusefulgtheory.
C.gWhygDifferentgTheories?
Psychologistsgandgothergscientistsghavegdevelopedgagvarietygofgpersonal
itygtheoriesgbecausegtheyghavegdifferedgingtheirgpersonalgbackground,gth
eirgphilosophicalgorientation,gandgthegdatagtheygchosegtogobserve.ggIngad
dition,gtheoriesgpermitgindividualginterpretationgofgthegsamegobservatio
ns,gandgeachgtheoristghasghadghisgorghergowngwaygofglookinggatgthings.
D. Theorists'gPersonalitiesgandgTheirgTheoriesgofgPersonality
Becausegpersonalitygtheoriesgevolvegfromgagtheorist'sgpersonality,gpsyc
hologistsginterestedgingthegpsychologygofgscienceghavegbegungtogstudygt
hegpersonalgtraitsgofgleadinggpersonalitygtheoristsgandgtheirgpossiblegim
pactgongtheirgscientificgtheoriesgandgresearch.
E. WhatgMakesgagTheorygUseful?
Agusefulgtheoryg(1)ggeneratesgresearch,gbothgdescriptivegandghypothes
isgtesting;g(2)gisgfalsifiable;gthatgis,gitgmustggenerategresearchgthatgcangei
thergconfirmgorgdisconfirmgitsgmajorgtenets;gg(3)gorganizesgandgexplain
sgdatagintogsomegintelligiblegframework;g(4)gguidesgaction;gthatgis,gitgp
rovidesgthegpractitionergwithgagroadgmapgforgmakinggday-to-

, daygdecisions;g(5)gisginternallygconsistentgandgreliesgongoperationalgd
efinitionsgthatgdefinegconceptsgingtermsgofgspecificgoperations;gandg(6)gi
sgparsimonious,gorgsimple.


IV. DimensionsgforgagConceptgofgHumanity
Personalitygtheoristsghaveghadgdifferentgconceptionsgofghumangnature,ga
ndgthegauthorsgofgTheoriesgofgPersonalitygusegsixgdimensionsgforgcompa
ringgthesegconceptions.gThegdimensionsgincludegdeterminismgversusgf
reegchoice,gpessimismgversusgoptimism,gcausalitygversusgteleology,g
consciousgversusgunconsciousgdeterminantsgofgbehavior,gbiologicalg
versusgsocialginfluencesgongpersonality,gandguniquenessgversusgsimil
aritiesgamonggpeople.


V. ResearchgingPersonalitygTheory
Personalitygtheories,glikegothergtheories,garegbasedgongsystematicgresear
chgthatgallowsgforgthegpredictiongofgevents.gIngresearchingghumangbehav
ior,gpersonalitygtheoristsgoftengusegvariousgmeasuringgprocedures,gwhic
hgmustgbegbothgreliablegandgvalid.ggReliabilitygrefersgtogagmeasuringgins
trument'sgconsistencygandgincludesgtest-
retestgreliabilitygandginternalgconsistency.ggValiditygrefersgtogthegaccura
cygorgtruthfulnessgofgtestgandgincludesgpredictivegvaliditygandgconstructg
validity.




TestgItems