COURSE OVERVIEW b
INTRODUCTION- IMMUNOLOGY b
• Immunology is a branch of science that deals with the body’s r b b b b b b b b b b b
esistance to infection or the of altered reactivity of the body fol
b b b b b b b b b b b
lowing an exposure to a foreign substance or infection.
b b b b b b b b
• Immunity means the body’s ability to resist infection or in o
b b b b b b b b b b
ther words the state of the body which learns from the exper
b b b b b b b b b b b
ience of past infection(s), how to deal more efficiently with s
b b b b b b b b b b
ubsequent infections. b
• The immune system of an individual is consists of its cells
b b b b b b b b b b
and molecules responsible for the immunity.
b b b b b
• Immune Response is the reaction of the body following an e
b b b b b b b b b b
xposure to foreign antigen resulting in the formation of ant
b b b b b b b b b
ibodies and lymphokines. b b
VMC 221 VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY ANS
b b b b b
SEROLOGY (1+1) b
Immunology is a branch of science dealing with body’s resistance to
b b b b b b b b b b
binfection. This course deals with the organs and cells involved in th
b b b b b b b b b b b
e development of immunity. Types of antigen, their nature and the f
b b b b b b b b b b b
actors that determine antigenicity. The antibody, their types and ro
b b b b b b b b b
le in protecting a living body against infection.
b b b b b b b
Response of different immune- b b b
competent cells following an infection to eliminate the infection fro
b b b b b b b b b
m the body. Role of innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Antig
b b b b b b b b b b
en – b
antibody reaction, assessment of antibody levels or detection of ant
b b b b b b b b b
igen using different types of serological reaction. Theories of antibo
b b b b b b b b b
dy production, monoclonal antibody production and their use. Typ
b b b b b b b b
es of hypersensitivity reaction and their role in elimination of foreig
b b b b b b b b b b
n bodies from the system. Different types of vaccines used in immu
b b b b b b b b b b b
noprophylaxis and their advantages. Role of adjuvants in immunop b b b b b b b b
rophylaxis.
,Objective of the course is to understand
b b b b b b
• The immune system in animals
b b b b
• Role of immune system to fight against pathogens
b b b b b b b
• How to detect antigen or pathogen when an animal is i
b b b b b b b b b b
nfected
• How to immunize in an effective way to develop better
b b b b b b b b b
immunity.
• What kind of vaccines to be given to immunize animals a
b b b b b b b b b b
gainst common diseases b b
• How to measure immunity to know the protection status
b b b b b b b b
against common diseases b b
• What to be done in case of
b b b b b b
THEORIES OF IMMUNOLOGY b b
Cellular Immunity Theory
b b
• In 1882 the Russian Zoologist Elie Metchnikoff (1845-
b b b b b b b
1916) observed that when a rose thorn is introduced into the la
b b b b b b b b b b b
rvae of a starfish, within a few hours it was surrounded by moti
b b b b b b b b b b b b
le cells and could be observed in the transparent starfish larvae
b b b b b b b b b b
.
• In 1883 he observed that fungal spores could be attacked by t
b b b b b b b b b b b
he blood cells in Daphnia, a metazoan under microscope (bei
b b b b b b b b b
ng transparent). He extended his investigation to mammalia
b b b b b b b
n leukocytes, showing their ability to engulf micro-
b b b b b b b
organisms, a process which he b b b b
termed phagocytosis. Thus he arrived to a polarized view th
b b b b b b b b b
at phagocytosis is the main defense against infection. He defin
b b b b b b b b b
ed that the phagocytosis is due to two types of circulating phag
b b b b b b b b b b b
ocytes:
o The polymorphonuclear leukocytes (microphage) and
b b b b
o The larger macrophages. b b
• Many people accepted the cellular theory of Metchnikoff but s
b b b b b b b b b
ome pathologist criticized it as they observed immunity in
b b b b b b b b
, absence of cells and about 50 years later again it became an are
b b b b b b b b b b b b
a of extensive study.
b b b
Humoral Theory b
• After Pasteur discovered that immunity can be produced by va
b b b b b b b b b
ccination, it was soon recognized that substances produced im
b b b b b b b b
munity are present in blood or in body fluid (Humor).
b b b b b b b b b
• Fodor in 1886 observed a direct action of immune serum on a
b b b b b b b b b b b
nthrax bacilli. George Nuttall in 1888 observed the bacterici
b b b b b b b b
dal action of blood in certain animals.
b b b b b b
• In 1889 Hans Buchnar showed that cell free serum is
b b b b b b b b b
bactericidal and failed to have that effect after heating at 55 b b b b b b b b b b b
o
b
C for one hour. The heat labile substance causing bacterici
b b b b b b b b b
dal effect was termed alexin (later named as cytolysin or co
b b b b b b b b b b
mplement).
• In 1890 Von Behring and Kitasato demonstrated the neutra
b b b b b b b b
lizing antitoxic activity by serum from immunized animals
b b b b b b b b
with diphtheria or tetanus toxin. This was the first proof of h
b b b b b b b b b b b
umoral immunity. b
• Thus both theories developed simultaneously.
b b b b
• hypersensitivity.
A CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS IN
b b b b b b
IMMUNOLOGY
Year Scientists Involved b Findings
1798 Edward Jenner b Vaccination against small pox b b b
1862 Ernst Haeckel b Phagocytosis
1877 Paul Ehrlich b Mast cells b
1879 Louis Pasteur b Attenuated vaccine for Fowl chol b b b b
era,
1881 Louis Pasteur b Attenuated vaccine for Anthrax b b b
, and swine erysipelas
b b
1883 Eolie Metchnikoff b Phagocytosis and cellular theor b b b
y of immunity
b b
1885 Louis Pasteur b Anti rabies vaccine
b b
1888 Pierre Roux and b b b Bacterial toxins b
Alexander Yersin b
1890 Emil A von Behring b Antitoxins in serum for diphtheri
b b b b b b
and Shibasaburo kitasato a and tetanus
b b b b
1891 Robert Koch b Delayed type of hypersensitivityb b b
1894 Richard Pfeiffer and Vasi b b b Bacteriolysis
ly Isaeff
b
1894 Jules Bordet b Complement and bacteriolysis b b
1900 Paul Ehrlich b Antibody formation theory( sid b b b
e chain theory)
b b
1901 Karl Landsteiner b ABO blood group b b
1901 Bordet and Gengou b b Complement Fixation Test b b
1902 Charles Richet an b b Anaphylaxis
d Paul J. Portier
b b b
1903 Nicholas Arthus b Specific tissue destruction - b b b
Arthus Phenomenon
b b
1903 Sir Almoth Wright
b b Opsonization (antibodies could h b b b
elp in Phagocytosis)
b b
1905 Von Pirquet b Studied Serum Sickness b b
1906 Clemens Pirquet b Allergy ( introduced the term alle
b b b b b
rgy)
1912 Bacille, Albert Clamette an B.C.G. vaccination against Tuber
b b b b b b
d Camille Guerin
b culosis b
INTRODUCTION- IMMUNOLOGY b
• Immunology is a branch of science that deals with the body’s r b b b b b b b b b b b
esistance to infection or the of altered reactivity of the body fol
b b b b b b b b b b b
lowing an exposure to a foreign substance or infection.
b b b b b b b b
• Immunity means the body’s ability to resist infection or in o
b b b b b b b b b b
ther words the state of the body which learns from the exper
b b b b b b b b b b b
ience of past infection(s), how to deal more efficiently with s
b b b b b b b b b b
ubsequent infections. b
• The immune system of an individual is consists of its cells
b b b b b b b b b b
and molecules responsible for the immunity.
b b b b b
• Immune Response is the reaction of the body following an e
b b b b b b b b b b
xposure to foreign antigen resulting in the formation of ant
b b b b b b b b b
ibodies and lymphokines. b b
VMC 221 VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY ANS
b b b b b
SEROLOGY (1+1) b
Immunology is a branch of science dealing with body’s resistance to
b b b b b b b b b b
binfection. This course deals with the organs and cells involved in th
b b b b b b b b b b b
e development of immunity. Types of antigen, their nature and the f
b b b b b b b b b b b
actors that determine antigenicity. The antibody, their types and ro
b b b b b b b b b
le in protecting a living body against infection.
b b b b b b b
Response of different immune- b b b
competent cells following an infection to eliminate the infection fro
b b b b b b b b b
m the body. Role of innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Antig
b b b b b b b b b b
en – b
antibody reaction, assessment of antibody levels or detection of ant
b b b b b b b b b
igen using different types of serological reaction. Theories of antibo
b b b b b b b b b
dy production, monoclonal antibody production and their use. Typ
b b b b b b b b
es of hypersensitivity reaction and their role in elimination of foreig
b b b b b b b b b b
n bodies from the system. Different types of vaccines used in immu
b b b b b b b b b b b
noprophylaxis and their advantages. Role of adjuvants in immunop b b b b b b b b
rophylaxis.
,Objective of the course is to understand
b b b b b b
• The immune system in animals
b b b b
• Role of immune system to fight against pathogens
b b b b b b b
• How to detect antigen or pathogen when an animal is i
b b b b b b b b b b
nfected
• How to immunize in an effective way to develop better
b b b b b b b b b
immunity.
• What kind of vaccines to be given to immunize animals a
b b b b b b b b b b
gainst common diseases b b
• How to measure immunity to know the protection status
b b b b b b b b
against common diseases b b
• What to be done in case of
b b b b b b
THEORIES OF IMMUNOLOGY b b
Cellular Immunity Theory
b b
• In 1882 the Russian Zoologist Elie Metchnikoff (1845-
b b b b b b b
1916) observed that when a rose thorn is introduced into the la
b b b b b b b b b b b
rvae of a starfish, within a few hours it was surrounded by moti
b b b b b b b b b b b b
le cells and could be observed in the transparent starfish larvae
b b b b b b b b b b
.
• In 1883 he observed that fungal spores could be attacked by t
b b b b b b b b b b b
he blood cells in Daphnia, a metazoan under microscope (bei
b b b b b b b b b
ng transparent). He extended his investigation to mammalia
b b b b b b b
n leukocytes, showing their ability to engulf micro-
b b b b b b b
organisms, a process which he b b b b
termed phagocytosis. Thus he arrived to a polarized view th
b b b b b b b b b
at phagocytosis is the main defense against infection. He defin
b b b b b b b b b
ed that the phagocytosis is due to two types of circulating phag
b b b b b b b b b b b
ocytes:
o The polymorphonuclear leukocytes (microphage) and
b b b b
o The larger macrophages. b b
• Many people accepted the cellular theory of Metchnikoff but s
b b b b b b b b b
ome pathologist criticized it as they observed immunity in
b b b b b b b b
, absence of cells and about 50 years later again it became an are
b b b b b b b b b b b b
a of extensive study.
b b b
Humoral Theory b
• After Pasteur discovered that immunity can be produced by va
b b b b b b b b b
ccination, it was soon recognized that substances produced im
b b b b b b b b
munity are present in blood or in body fluid (Humor).
b b b b b b b b b
• Fodor in 1886 observed a direct action of immune serum on a
b b b b b b b b b b b
nthrax bacilli. George Nuttall in 1888 observed the bacterici
b b b b b b b b
dal action of blood in certain animals.
b b b b b b
• In 1889 Hans Buchnar showed that cell free serum is
b b b b b b b b b
bactericidal and failed to have that effect after heating at 55 b b b b b b b b b b b
o
b
C for one hour. The heat labile substance causing bacterici
b b b b b b b b b
dal effect was termed alexin (later named as cytolysin or co
b b b b b b b b b b
mplement).
• In 1890 Von Behring and Kitasato demonstrated the neutra
b b b b b b b b
lizing antitoxic activity by serum from immunized animals
b b b b b b b b
with diphtheria or tetanus toxin. This was the first proof of h
b b b b b b b b b b b
umoral immunity. b
• Thus both theories developed simultaneously.
b b b b
• hypersensitivity.
A CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS IN
b b b b b b
IMMUNOLOGY
Year Scientists Involved b Findings
1798 Edward Jenner b Vaccination against small pox b b b
1862 Ernst Haeckel b Phagocytosis
1877 Paul Ehrlich b Mast cells b
1879 Louis Pasteur b Attenuated vaccine for Fowl chol b b b b
era,
1881 Louis Pasteur b Attenuated vaccine for Anthrax b b b
, and swine erysipelas
b b
1883 Eolie Metchnikoff b Phagocytosis and cellular theor b b b
y of immunity
b b
1885 Louis Pasteur b Anti rabies vaccine
b b
1888 Pierre Roux and b b b Bacterial toxins b
Alexander Yersin b
1890 Emil A von Behring b Antitoxins in serum for diphtheri
b b b b b b
and Shibasaburo kitasato a and tetanus
b b b b
1891 Robert Koch b Delayed type of hypersensitivityb b b
1894 Richard Pfeiffer and Vasi b b b Bacteriolysis
ly Isaeff
b
1894 Jules Bordet b Complement and bacteriolysis b b
1900 Paul Ehrlich b Antibody formation theory( sid b b b
e chain theory)
b b
1901 Karl Landsteiner b ABO blood group b b
1901 Bordet and Gengou b b Complement Fixation Test b b
1902 Charles Richet an b b Anaphylaxis
d Paul J. Portier
b b b
1903 Nicholas Arthus b Specific tissue destruction - b b b
Arthus Phenomenon
b b
1903 Sir Almoth Wright
b b Opsonization (antibodies could h b b b
elp in Phagocytosis)
b b
1905 Von Pirquet b Studied Serum Sickness b b
1906 Clemens Pirquet b Allergy ( introduced the term alle
b b b b b
rgy)
1912 Bacille, Albert Clamette an B.C.G. vaccination against Tuber
b b b b b b
d Camille Guerin
b culosis b
