Retorica en overtuiging
Inhoudsopgave
HC1 – inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
HC2 canon en statusleer .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Canon ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Inventio .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Statusleer – 3 genres/soorten speeches ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Genus deliberativum - politieke redenvoering .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Genus judiciale – rechtspraak ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Genus demonstrativum - Gelegenheidstoespraak ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Toepassing ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
HC3 – ethos & pathos .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Ars Rhetorica, Ethos ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Ethos at work – conspiracy theories ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Samenvatting ethos ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Ars Rhetorica, Pathos ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Inside the mind of a master procrastinator – Tim Urban.................................................................................................................................. 9
HC4 – logos (1) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Logos – Overzicht ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Logica vs. Retorica – Logica ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Logica vs. Retorica – Retorica .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Argumentaties analyseren: Toulmin-model ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Toulmin-Model van Argumentatie .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Meervoudige redenering................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
keten-redenering ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Soorten argumenten ........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
descriptieve argumenten ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
normatieve argumenten ................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
ongebonden argumenten................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
HC5 – logos (2) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
complexe argumentatie................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
fact checking .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Fact checking, effects ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3 vragen bij fact checking ................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
HC6 – logos & dispositio ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Drogredenen .................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Soorten drogredenen (deze 15 kennen voor tentamen) ................................................................................................................................ 19
Populism and informal fallacies: an analysis of right wing populist rhetoric in election campaigns (artikel) ................................................ 20
HC7 – dispositio & elocutio .................................................................................................................................................................... 21
structuur (ordening) van de rede – de dispositio ................................................................................................................................ 21
exordium - Functies ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Narratio, propositio & argumentatio............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Partitio ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Digressio .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Peroratio .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Elocutio - Retorische stijlfiguren ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
HC8 – memoria & actio .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Memoria.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Actio................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Samenhang onderdelen .................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Conclusie ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
, 2
HC1 – inleiding
“Rhetoric is, as simply defined as possible, the art of persuasion: the attempt by one human being to influence
another in words.” (p. 1) → Retorica is de kunst van het overtuigen van anderen met woorden.
“Your parents used rhetoric on you from the first moments of your life, and as soon as you were able to form words,
you started using it right back at them. Your schoolmates, your workmates and your chat partners in the dark back
rooms of the internet are using rhetoric. Your priests and your politicians, your continuity announcers and your
commercial breaks are using rhetoric. You have been using rhetoric yourself, all your life.” (p.7)
“Knowledge, it has been said, is power. And rhetoric is what gives words power. So a knowledge of rhetoric equips
you, as a citizen, both to exercise power and to resist it.” (p. 16)
Ethos – logos – pathos (David Attenborough)
1. Ethos: Dit verwijst naar de geloofwaardigheid en het karakter van de spreker. Het overtuigt het publiek van de
betrouwbaarheid of autoriteit van de spreker over het onderwerp. David Attenborough’s jarenlange werk voor
het milieu geeft hem geloofwaardigheid (ethos), waardoor hij een gerespecteerde stem is in klimaatdiscussies.
2. Pathos: Dit is het emotionele aspect dat de gevoelens van het publiek aanspreekt om empathie of actie op te
roepen. Zinnen zoals “tragedie omzetten in triomf” en “hoop boven angst” gebruiken pathos om collectieve actie
te inspireren door hoop en eenheid aan te wakkeren.
Stijlfiguren
- tragedy into a triumph
- our motivation should not be fear but hope
- If working apart, we are force powerful enough to destabilize our planet, surely, working together, we are
powerful enough to save it.
- In my lifetime, I’ve witnessed a terrible decline. In yours, you could and should witness a wonderful recovery.
3. Logos: Dit is het logische of rationele aspect, gebaseerd op feiten, statistieken of redeneringen. Attenborough
geeft gegevens over de stabiliteit van de temperatuur en de invloed van de mens op het klimaat, wat een
logische basis legt voor zijn argument.
VB: For much of humanity’s ancient history, that number bounced wildly between 180 and 300, and so too did
global temperatures. [...] but just over 10,000 years ago, that number suddenly stabilized and with it, Earth’s
climate. We found ourselves in an unusually benign period with predictable seasons and reliable weather. [...] The
global temperature has not wavered over this period by more than plus or minus one degree Celsius, until now.
, 3
HC2 canon en statusleer
Aristoteles geboren ong 300 voor C, werd leerling van plato en richtte later zijn eigen school op in Athene.
Waarom retorica? Er ontstond in athene een eerste vorm van democratie en mensen moesten gaan stemmen
(vrouwen niet, tot slaaf gemaakte niet, vooral de rijke mensen mochten stemmen). Ze moesten dus andere
overtuigen. Ander voorbeeld is dat er rechtzaken met een jury ontstonden, ze moesten overtuigen om iemand te
veroordelen. Lijkt op amerika, maar er zaten veel meer mensen in de jury (200 ong), hoe belangrijker de zaak hoe
meer mensen in de jury (tot 6000).
“It was a bear pit: an endless procession of [prosecutors] and political chancers settling political scores in front of a
shouting, hooting, uncontrollable rabble of jurors. This was the closest thing one could get to institutionalised trial by
lynch mob. No wonder the idea of learning how to talk round a large mass of people was something that Athenian
aristocrats – traditionally the political class [...] – got interested in.” (p. 24)
Over de inventio van de logos, de overtuigingsmiddelen die berusten op iets aantonen, schrijft Aristoteles dat die
middelen in twee varianten komen:
- middelen die er al zijn
- en middelen die de redenaar zelf moet vinden/construeren.
Dit schrijft Aristoteles over het eerste type:
“Onder wat erbuiten valt versta ik al wat niet door ons eigen toedoen is verstrekt maar voordien al voorhanden was,
zoals getuigen, verklaringen afgelegd door slaven onder foltering, geschreven overeenkomsten en dergelijke.”
Ars rhetorica (boek Aristoteles)
- Retorica = redenaarskunst: de kunst van het spreken in het openbaar
- ‘het vermogen met betrekking tot elk onderwerp in te zien wat overtuigingskracht heeft.’
- Kairos = niet elk argument/overtuigingsstrategie werkt altijd op dezelfde manier. Andere overtuigingstechniek
afgestemd op publiek/context. ‘the right or critical moment’
- Tekne = ‘art, skill, craft’ vaardigheid, iets wat je kan oefenen wat je kan leren en hulp-discipiline: helpt om andere
doeleinden te bereiken.
- Topiek = hoe het boek is opgebouwd, een
soort guideline.
Canon
Inventio het vinden van overtuigingsmiddelen → woord is niet bedoelt als iets zomaar bedenken, maar
ontdekken wat er wordt gezegd over een onderwerp en nadenken over hoe je een publiek kan
overtuigen. Ethos, logos, pathos
Dispositio het ordenen/structuren van de inhoud
Elocutio het verwoorden/stileren van de rede → Stijlfiguren, spelen met taal, taalgebruik
Memoria het interpreteren/onthouden van de rede/speech
Actio het uitspreken van de rede/speech
→ alle elementen (bijna) even belangrijk.
Inventio
“Aristotle said that the basic job of the rhetorician is to ‘discover the best available means of persuasion’. That’s what
is meant, in this context, by ‘invention’: not making things up, but exploring what there is to say on a subject. [...]
Inhoudsopgave
HC1 – inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
HC2 canon en statusleer .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Canon ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Inventio .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
Statusleer – 3 genres/soorten speeches ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Genus deliberativum - politieke redenvoering .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Genus judiciale – rechtspraak ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Genus demonstrativum - Gelegenheidstoespraak ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Toepassing ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
HC3 – ethos & pathos .............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Ars Rhetorica, Ethos ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Ethos at work – conspiracy theories ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Samenvatting ethos ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Ars Rhetorica, Pathos ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Inside the mind of a master procrastinator – Tim Urban.................................................................................................................................. 9
HC4 – logos (1) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Logos – Overzicht ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Logica vs. Retorica – Logica ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Logica vs. Retorica – Retorica .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Argumentaties analyseren: Toulmin-model ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Toulmin-Model van Argumentatie .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Meervoudige redenering................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
keten-redenering ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Soorten argumenten ........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
descriptieve argumenten ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
normatieve argumenten ................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
ongebonden argumenten................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
HC5 – logos (2) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
complexe argumentatie................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
fact checking .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Fact checking, effects ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3 vragen bij fact checking ................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
HC6 – logos & dispositio ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Drogredenen .................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Soorten drogredenen (deze 15 kennen voor tentamen) ................................................................................................................................ 19
Populism and informal fallacies: an analysis of right wing populist rhetoric in election campaigns (artikel) ................................................ 20
HC7 – dispositio & elocutio .................................................................................................................................................................... 21
structuur (ordening) van de rede – de dispositio ................................................................................................................................ 21
exordium - Functies ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Narratio, propositio & argumentatio............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Partitio ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Digressio .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Peroratio .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Elocutio - Retorische stijlfiguren ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
HC8 – memoria & actio .......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Memoria.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Actio................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
Samenhang onderdelen .................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Conclusie ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
, 2
HC1 – inleiding
“Rhetoric is, as simply defined as possible, the art of persuasion: the attempt by one human being to influence
another in words.” (p. 1) → Retorica is de kunst van het overtuigen van anderen met woorden.
“Your parents used rhetoric on you from the first moments of your life, and as soon as you were able to form words,
you started using it right back at them. Your schoolmates, your workmates and your chat partners in the dark back
rooms of the internet are using rhetoric. Your priests and your politicians, your continuity announcers and your
commercial breaks are using rhetoric. You have been using rhetoric yourself, all your life.” (p.7)
“Knowledge, it has been said, is power. And rhetoric is what gives words power. So a knowledge of rhetoric equips
you, as a citizen, both to exercise power and to resist it.” (p. 16)
Ethos – logos – pathos (David Attenborough)
1. Ethos: Dit verwijst naar de geloofwaardigheid en het karakter van de spreker. Het overtuigt het publiek van de
betrouwbaarheid of autoriteit van de spreker over het onderwerp. David Attenborough’s jarenlange werk voor
het milieu geeft hem geloofwaardigheid (ethos), waardoor hij een gerespecteerde stem is in klimaatdiscussies.
2. Pathos: Dit is het emotionele aspect dat de gevoelens van het publiek aanspreekt om empathie of actie op te
roepen. Zinnen zoals “tragedie omzetten in triomf” en “hoop boven angst” gebruiken pathos om collectieve actie
te inspireren door hoop en eenheid aan te wakkeren.
Stijlfiguren
- tragedy into a triumph
- our motivation should not be fear but hope
- If working apart, we are force powerful enough to destabilize our planet, surely, working together, we are
powerful enough to save it.
- In my lifetime, I’ve witnessed a terrible decline. In yours, you could and should witness a wonderful recovery.
3. Logos: Dit is het logische of rationele aspect, gebaseerd op feiten, statistieken of redeneringen. Attenborough
geeft gegevens over de stabiliteit van de temperatuur en de invloed van de mens op het klimaat, wat een
logische basis legt voor zijn argument.
VB: For much of humanity’s ancient history, that number bounced wildly between 180 and 300, and so too did
global temperatures. [...] but just over 10,000 years ago, that number suddenly stabilized and with it, Earth’s
climate. We found ourselves in an unusually benign period with predictable seasons and reliable weather. [...] The
global temperature has not wavered over this period by more than plus or minus one degree Celsius, until now.
, 3
HC2 canon en statusleer
Aristoteles geboren ong 300 voor C, werd leerling van plato en richtte later zijn eigen school op in Athene.
Waarom retorica? Er ontstond in athene een eerste vorm van democratie en mensen moesten gaan stemmen
(vrouwen niet, tot slaaf gemaakte niet, vooral de rijke mensen mochten stemmen). Ze moesten dus andere
overtuigen. Ander voorbeeld is dat er rechtzaken met een jury ontstonden, ze moesten overtuigen om iemand te
veroordelen. Lijkt op amerika, maar er zaten veel meer mensen in de jury (200 ong), hoe belangrijker de zaak hoe
meer mensen in de jury (tot 6000).
“It was a bear pit: an endless procession of [prosecutors] and political chancers settling political scores in front of a
shouting, hooting, uncontrollable rabble of jurors. This was the closest thing one could get to institutionalised trial by
lynch mob. No wonder the idea of learning how to talk round a large mass of people was something that Athenian
aristocrats – traditionally the political class [...] – got interested in.” (p. 24)
Over de inventio van de logos, de overtuigingsmiddelen die berusten op iets aantonen, schrijft Aristoteles dat die
middelen in twee varianten komen:
- middelen die er al zijn
- en middelen die de redenaar zelf moet vinden/construeren.
Dit schrijft Aristoteles over het eerste type:
“Onder wat erbuiten valt versta ik al wat niet door ons eigen toedoen is verstrekt maar voordien al voorhanden was,
zoals getuigen, verklaringen afgelegd door slaven onder foltering, geschreven overeenkomsten en dergelijke.”
Ars rhetorica (boek Aristoteles)
- Retorica = redenaarskunst: de kunst van het spreken in het openbaar
- ‘het vermogen met betrekking tot elk onderwerp in te zien wat overtuigingskracht heeft.’
- Kairos = niet elk argument/overtuigingsstrategie werkt altijd op dezelfde manier. Andere overtuigingstechniek
afgestemd op publiek/context. ‘the right or critical moment’
- Tekne = ‘art, skill, craft’ vaardigheid, iets wat je kan oefenen wat je kan leren en hulp-discipiline: helpt om andere
doeleinden te bereiken.
- Topiek = hoe het boek is opgebouwd, een
soort guideline.
Canon
Inventio het vinden van overtuigingsmiddelen → woord is niet bedoelt als iets zomaar bedenken, maar
ontdekken wat er wordt gezegd over een onderwerp en nadenken over hoe je een publiek kan
overtuigen. Ethos, logos, pathos
Dispositio het ordenen/structuren van de inhoud
Elocutio het verwoorden/stileren van de rede → Stijlfiguren, spelen met taal, taalgebruik
Memoria het interpreteren/onthouden van de rede/speech
Actio het uitspreken van de rede/speech
→ alle elementen (bijna) even belangrijk.
Inventio
“Aristotle said that the basic job of the rhetorician is to ‘discover the best available means of persuasion’. That’s what
is meant, in this context, by ‘invention’: not making things up, but exploring what there is to say on a subject. [...]
