Pharm 1 Final Exam –
Nagelhout |272 Q’s and A’s
Pharamcology - -study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
- Pharmacokinetics - -"what the body does to the drug" - asborption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion
- Pharmaceutics - -the formulation and preparation of drugs
- Pharacoeconomics - -the study of the economic impact of drugs
- Toxicology - -study of harmful effects of chemicals; pharmacology of high
doses
- Pharmacognosy - -The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant
and animal sources.
- Pharmacy - -the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
- Pharmacogenetics - -genetic influences by and on drugs
- Pharacodynamics - -what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
- Pharacogenomics - -discrete genetic differences among individuals
- Pharmacoepidemiology - -the study of the use and effects of drugs on
large groups of people
- What are the 2 types of ligands? - -Agonists and Antagonists
- What does an agonist drug do? - -Binds to a receptor and causes a
response
- What does an antagonist do? - -binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the
function that receptor serves
- What is competitive binding? - -reversible (most drugs); as drug wears off,
there will be a higher concentration of something else in the body that will
bind to those receptors. These drugs possess a weak affinity for the
receptors.
, - What is non-competitive binding? - -Non-reversible; once it binds it is there
forever. Possesses a strong affinity, cannot be displaced. Example: aspirin to
platelets
- True or False: Complete saturation of available receptors with drug
molecules is not necessary for desired response? - -True
- List chemical bonds from strongest to weakest: - -Covalent, Ionic,
Hydrogen, Hydrophobic, Van der Waals
- What 4 properties are on a dose response curve? - -Affinity (potency),
Efficacy, Variability, Slope
- ED50 - -Effective dose in 50% of the population
- TD50 - -toxic dose in 50% of the population
- LD50 - -lethal dose for 50% of the population
- What is the therapeutic index? - -LD50/ED50
- What is the therapeutic window? - -TD50/ED50; estimation of drug dosage
which can treat disease effectively while staying within the safety range
- Do you want a higher or a lower therapeutic index? Why? - -Higher; means
it takes "x" times as much of the drug to kill the patient as it does to treat
them effectively
- How would the addition of an opioid antagonist affect the dose response
curve of an opioid? - -It would shift the curve to the right, drug can still get
to the ED50 and maximum efficacy, just requires a higher dose
- What is down-regulation? Example? - -Continued stimulation causes
decrease in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors. AKA Tolerance.
Example: continued use of B-agonists (albuterol) makes it less effective
- What is up-regulation? Example? - -Chronic receptor blockade results in
increase in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors.
Example: Beta blockers requiring up-titration with chronic use
- Why should you not abruptly stop taking beta blockers? - -Because of up-
regulation, there will be a profound rebound effect
- Drug Interactions: Addition - -1+1=2, two drugs via same mechanism
produce additive effect
, - Drug Interactions: Synergism - -1+1=3; effect of two combined drugs is
greater than the sum of their individual effects
- Drug Interactions: Potentiation - -1+0=3; enhancement of one drug by
another drug that has no detectable action of its own
Example: PCN given with drug that decreases its elimination. Second drug is
not actually fighting the infection.
- Drug Interactions: Antagonism - -1+1=0; one drug opposes another.
Reversal agents.
- What is bioavailability? - -% of drug that reaches systemic circulation in
unchanged form
- List drug administration routes in order form highest to lowest
bioavailability: - -IV, IM, Transdermal (slow, no first-pass effect), SubQ,
Rectal, Oral, Inhalation
- What is the process by which a cell converts one kind of signal to another,
usually through a second messenger pathway? - -Signal transduction
- If a drug is ionized, then it is more _______ -soluble? - -Water
- If a drug is non-ionized, then it is more ______ -soluble? - -Lipid
- What is the pKa of a drug? - -The pH at which the molecule is 50% ionized
and 50% unionized
- Step 1 of drug ionization problems? - -pH-pKa=
0: 50/50
0.5: 25/75
>1: 99/1
- Step 2 of drug ionization problems? - -Determine if it is mostly ionized or
non-ionized.
Acid/Base combo: ionized
Acid/Acid or Base/Base combo: non-ionized
- Drug A is in acid drug with a pKa of 7.1. It is put into an acid environment
with a pH of 6.0. Will it be absorbed? - -1: 6.0-7.1= 1.1 - 99/1 percent of
something
2. Acid in Acid environment - so 99% non-ionized
This means it is lipid-soluble, will be well absorbed.
Nagelhout |272 Q’s and A’s
Pharamcology - -study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
- Pharmacokinetics - -"what the body does to the drug" - asborption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion
- Pharmaceutics - -the formulation and preparation of drugs
- Pharacoeconomics - -the study of the economic impact of drugs
- Toxicology - -study of harmful effects of chemicals; pharmacology of high
doses
- Pharmacognosy - -The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant
and animal sources.
- Pharmacy - -the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
- Pharmacogenetics - -genetic influences by and on drugs
- Pharacodynamics - -what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
- Pharacogenomics - -discrete genetic differences among individuals
- Pharmacoepidemiology - -the study of the use and effects of drugs on
large groups of people
- What are the 2 types of ligands? - -Agonists and Antagonists
- What does an agonist drug do? - -Binds to a receptor and causes a
response
- What does an antagonist do? - -binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the
function that receptor serves
- What is competitive binding? - -reversible (most drugs); as drug wears off,
there will be a higher concentration of something else in the body that will
bind to those receptors. These drugs possess a weak affinity for the
receptors.
, - What is non-competitive binding? - -Non-reversible; once it binds it is there
forever. Possesses a strong affinity, cannot be displaced. Example: aspirin to
platelets
- True or False: Complete saturation of available receptors with drug
molecules is not necessary for desired response? - -True
- List chemical bonds from strongest to weakest: - -Covalent, Ionic,
Hydrogen, Hydrophobic, Van der Waals
- What 4 properties are on a dose response curve? - -Affinity (potency),
Efficacy, Variability, Slope
- ED50 - -Effective dose in 50% of the population
- TD50 - -toxic dose in 50% of the population
- LD50 - -lethal dose for 50% of the population
- What is the therapeutic index? - -LD50/ED50
- What is the therapeutic window? - -TD50/ED50; estimation of drug dosage
which can treat disease effectively while staying within the safety range
- Do you want a higher or a lower therapeutic index? Why? - -Higher; means
it takes "x" times as much of the drug to kill the patient as it does to treat
them effectively
- How would the addition of an opioid antagonist affect the dose response
curve of an opioid? - -It would shift the curve to the right, drug can still get
to the ED50 and maximum efficacy, just requires a higher dose
- What is down-regulation? Example? - -Continued stimulation causes
decrease in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors. AKA Tolerance.
Example: continued use of B-agonists (albuterol) makes it less effective
- What is up-regulation? Example? - -Chronic receptor blockade results in
increase in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors.
Example: Beta blockers requiring up-titration with chronic use
- Why should you not abruptly stop taking beta blockers? - -Because of up-
regulation, there will be a profound rebound effect
- Drug Interactions: Addition - -1+1=2, two drugs via same mechanism
produce additive effect
, - Drug Interactions: Synergism - -1+1=3; effect of two combined drugs is
greater than the sum of their individual effects
- Drug Interactions: Potentiation - -1+0=3; enhancement of one drug by
another drug that has no detectable action of its own
Example: PCN given with drug that decreases its elimination. Second drug is
not actually fighting the infection.
- Drug Interactions: Antagonism - -1+1=0; one drug opposes another.
Reversal agents.
- What is bioavailability? - -% of drug that reaches systemic circulation in
unchanged form
- List drug administration routes in order form highest to lowest
bioavailability: - -IV, IM, Transdermal (slow, no first-pass effect), SubQ,
Rectal, Oral, Inhalation
- What is the process by which a cell converts one kind of signal to another,
usually through a second messenger pathway? - -Signal transduction
- If a drug is ionized, then it is more _______ -soluble? - -Water
- If a drug is non-ionized, then it is more ______ -soluble? - -Lipid
- What is the pKa of a drug? - -The pH at which the molecule is 50% ionized
and 50% unionized
- Step 1 of drug ionization problems? - -pH-pKa=
0: 50/50
0.5: 25/75
>1: 99/1
- Step 2 of drug ionization problems? - -Determine if it is mostly ionized or
non-ionized.
Acid/Base combo: ionized
Acid/Acid or Base/Base combo: non-ionized
- Drug A is in acid drug with a pKa of 7.1. It is put into an acid environment
with a pH of 6.0. Will it be absorbed? - -1: 6.0-7.1= 1.1 - 99/1 percent of
something
2. Acid in Acid environment - so 99% non-ionized
This means it is lipid-soluble, will be well absorbed.
