NURS 3416 - Midterm Review
(Answered) 2025/2026. 272 Q&A. 100%
Verified.
Ontology
Realism vs Relativism
Epistemology
Post positive vs interpretive (constructivist) vs critical social
CNO Professional Standard Include
§ Seeking and reviewing research in nursing, health sciences and related disciplines
§ Using research to inform practice/professional service
Evidence-Informed Practice Stesp
Ask → Gather → Assess and Appraise → Act → Evaluate
Hierarchy of Evidence for Intervention Studies
1. Systematic review/meta-analysis
2. Randomized controlled trials
3. Controlled trial without randomization
4. Case-control/cohort study
5. Systematic review or qualitative/descriptive studies
6. Qualitative/descriptive study
7. Expert opinion/consensus
Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis
A synthesis of evidence from all relevant randomized controlled trials
Randomized Controlled Trials
An experiment in which subjects are randomized to a treatment group or control group
Controlled Trial without Randomization
An experiment in which subjects are nonrandomly assigned to a treatment group or control group
Case-control
A comparison of subjects with a condition (case) with those who don't have the condition (control)
to determine the characteristics that might predict the condition
Cohort study
An observation of a group(s) (cohort) to determine the development of an outcome such as a
disease
,Systematic review of qualitative or descriptive studies
A synthesis of evidence from qualitative or descriptive studies to answer a clinical question
Qualitative study
Gathers data on human behaviour to understand why and how decisions are made
Descriptive study
Provides background information on the what, where and when of a topic of interest
Expert opinion or consensus
Authoritative opinion of expert committee
Critically reading means
o Systematic understanding of the research process
o Thinking that displays a mastery of the criteria for critiquing research and evidence-informed
practice
o The art of being able to make your thinking better by clarifying what you understand and what you
do not know
Levels of understanding
- Preliminary
- Comprehensive
- Analysis
- Synthesis
Preliminary level of understanding
Familiarizing yourself with the content (skimming the article)
Comprehensive level of understanding
- Understanding the researcher's purpose or intent
- Designed to increase your understanding both of the concepts and research terms in relation to the
context and of the parts of the study in relation to the whole study, as presented in the article
Analysis level of understanding
- Understanding the parts of the study
- The critiquing process begins at this stage.
Synthesis level of understanding
- Understanding the whole article and each step of the research process in a study
- The reader determines how each step of the research process relates to all the other steps, how
well the study meets the critiquing criteria, and the usefulness of the study for practice.
Quality
The extent to which a study's design, implementation, and analysis minimizes selection,
measurement and confounding biases
Quantity
, The number of studies in which the research question has been evaluated, including overall sample
size across studies, as well as the strength of the findings from the data analyses
Consistency
The degree to which similar findings are reported from investigations of the same research question
in studies that have similar and different designs
Critical Reading Involves
Active interpretation and objective assessment of an article and searching for key concepts, ideas,
and justifications.
Process of Critiquing is
Objectively and critically evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of a research article for scientific
merit and application to practice, theory, and education. The need for more research on the topic or
clinical problem is also addressed at this stage.
Why review the level of evidence
As a means of judging the application of the findings to practice.
Rapid Critical Appraisal
- Find flaws in a study
- Determine its worth in practice
- Usually conducted along with an RCA checklist that's specific to the research design of the study
being evaluated
- Important to begin the RCA with the studies at the highest level of evidence in order to see the
most reliable evidence first
Rapid Critical Appraisal Reviews
- Level of evidence
- How well it was conducted
- How useful it is to practice
Rapid Critical Appraisal Final Steps
- Evaluation
- Synthesis
Random Sampling
o When researchers select subjects from within a certain population to participate in a study by
using a random strategy, such as tossing a coin
o Allows the entire population to be fairly represented but not always feasible because it requires
access to a particular population
Convenience Sample
o Participants recruited from a readily available population, such as a researcher's affiliated hospital,
which may or may not represent the desired population
Random Assignment
(Answered) 2025/2026. 272 Q&A. 100%
Verified.
Ontology
Realism vs Relativism
Epistemology
Post positive vs interpretive (constructivist) vs critical social
CNO Professional Standard Include
§ Seeking and reviewing research in nursing, health sciences and related disciplines
§ Using research to inform practice/professional service
Evidence-Informed Practice Stesp
Ask → Gather → Assess and Appraise → Act → Evaluate
Hierarchy of Evidence for Intervention Studies
1. Systematic review/meta-analysis
2. Randomized controlled trials
3. Controlled trial without randomization
4. Case-control/cohort study
5. Systematic review or qualitative/descriptive studies
6. Qualitative/descriptive study
7. Expert opinion/consensus
Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis
A synthesis of evidence from all relevant randomized controlled trials
Randomized Controlled Trials
An experiment in which subjects are randomized to a treatment group or control group
Controlled Trial without Randomization
An experiment in which subjects are nonrandomly assigned to a treatment group or control group
Case-control
A comparison of subjects with a condition (case) with those who don't have the condition (control)
to determine the characteristics that might predict the condition
Cohort study
An observation of a group(s) (cohort) to determine the development of an outcome such as a
disease
,Systematic review of qualitative or descriptive studies
A synthesis of evidence from qualitative or descriptive studies to answer a clinical question
Qualitative study
Gathers data on human behaviour to understand why and how decisions are made
Descriptive study
Provides background information on the what, where and when of a topic of interest
Expert opinion or consensus
Authoritative opinion of expert committee
Critically reading means
o Systematic understanding of the research process
o Thinking that displays a mastery of the criteria for critiquing research and evidence-informed
practice
o The art of being able to make your thinking better by clarifying what you understand and what you
do not know
Levels of understanding
- Preliminary
- Comprehensive
- Analysis
- Synthesis
Preliminary level of understanding
Familiarizing yourself with the content (skimming the article)
Comprehensive level of understanding
- Understanding the researcher's purpose or intent
- Designed to increase your understanding both of the concepts and research terms in relation to the
context and of the parts of the study in relation to the whole study, as presented in the article
Analysis level of understanding
- Understanding the parts of the study
- The critiquing process begins at this stage.
Synthesis level of understanding
- Understanding the whole article and each step of the research process in a study
- The reader determines how each step of the research process relates to all the other steps, how
well the study meets the critiquing criteria, and the usefulness of the study for practice.
Quality
The extent to which a study's design, implementation, and analysis minimizes selection,
measurement and confounding biases
Quantity
, The number of studies in which the research question has been evaluated, including overall sample
size across studies, as well as the strength of the findings from the data analyses
Consistency
The degree to which similar findings are reported from investigations of the same research question
in studies that have similar and different designs
Critical Reading Involves
Active interpretation and objective assessment of an article and searching for key concepts, ideas,
and justifications.
Process of Critiquing is
Objectively and critically evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of a research article for scientific
merit and application to practice, theory, and education. The need for more research on the topic or
clinical problem is also addressed at this stage.
Why review the level of evidence
As a means of judging the application of the findings to practice.
Rapid Critical Appraisal
- Find flaws in a study
- Determine its worth in practice
- Usually conducted along with an RCA checklist that's specific to the research design of the study
being evaluated
- Important to begin the RCA with the studies at the highest level of evidence in order to see the
most reliable evidence first
Rapid Critical Appraisal Reviews
- Level of evidence
- How well it was conducted
- How useful it is to practice
Rapid Critical Appraisal Final Steps
- Evaluation
- Synthesis
Random Sampling
o When researchers select subjects from within a certain population to participate in a study by
using a random strategy, such as tossing a coin
o Allows the entire population to be fairly represented but not always feasible because it requires
access to a particular population
Convenience Sample
o Participants recruited from a readily available population, such as a researcher's affiliated hospital,
which may or may not represent the desired population
Random Assignment
