MA 200 STUDY OUTLINE #2 WITH QUESTION
AND ANSWERS 2025.
What .are .the .two .layers .that .make .up .the .skin? .Define .them. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
The .outer .layer .is .the .epidermis, .and .the .inner .layer .is .the .dermis.
What .are .melanocytes? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-are .specialized .epithelial .cells .that
.produce .a .dark .pigment .called .melanin, .which .is .primarily .responsible .for .skin
.color.
What .is .embedded .in .the .dermis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Hair, .nails, .and .certain
.glands .(although .derived .from .the .stratum .basale .of .the .epidermis)
What .are .sensory .receptors? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-detect .changes .in .the
.environment, .such .as .heat, .cold, .pain, .pressure, .and .touch. .Because .there .are .no
.nerves .in .the .epidermis, .these .receptors .are .the .body's .contact .with .the
.environment.
What .distinct .patterns .are .contained .in .the .papillae? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-On .the
.palms, .the .fingertips, .and .the .soles .of .the .feet, .the .papillae .form .distinct .patterns
.or .ridges .that .provide .friction .for .grasping .objects. .The .patterns .are .genetically
.determined .and .are .unique .for .each .individual. .These .are .the .basis .of .fingerprints
.and .footprints.
What .is .the .subcutaneous .layer .of .the .skin? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-is .not .actually .a
.part .of .the .skin, .but .it .loosely .anchors .the .skin .to .underlying .organs.
What .gives .the .skin .its .color? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-some .genetic, .some
.physiologic, .and .some .environmental. .Basic .skin .color .is .caused .by .the .dark
.pigment .melanin, .produced .by .the .melanocytes .in .the .stratum .basale .of .the
.epidermis.
What .causes .the .yellow .tint .in .the .skin? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-pigment .CAROTENE
.in .addition .to .melanin.
What .affect .does .ultraviolet .light .have .on .melanocytic .activity? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-increases .melanocyte .activity .so .that .more .melanin .is .produced .and .the
.skin .becomes .darker .or .tanned.
What .is .the .shaft? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-portion .that .extends .beyond .the .surface .of
.the .epidermis. .It .is .the .part .that .you .can .see.
,What .is .the .root? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-is .the .portion .of .the .hair .that .is .below .the
.surface .of .the .skin. .It .is .surrounded .by .a .hair .follicle.
What .is .the .cuticle? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .outermost .covering .on .a .hair .is .a
.single .layer .of .overlapping, .keratinized .cells
Describe .the .nail, .along .with .its .parts. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-are .thin .plates .of .dead
.stratum .corneum .that .contain .a .very .hard .type .of .keratin .and .cover .the .dorsal
.surfaces .of .the .distal .ends .of .the .fingers .and .toes. .
Each .has .a .free .edge; .a .nail .body, .which .is .the .visible .portion; .and .a .nail .root,
.which .is .covered .with .skin.
What .are .sebaceous .glands? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-An .oil .gland .of .the .skin .that
.produces .sebum .or .body .oil.
are .associated .with .hair .follicles .and .are .found .in .all .areas .of .the .body .that .have
.hair
What .is .sebum? .What .is .its .function? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Is .an .oily .secretion .and
.is .functions .is .to .keep .hair .and .skin .soft .and .pliable.
What .are .sweat .(sudoriferous) .glands? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-are .widely
.distributed .over .the .body.
Where .are .sweat .glands .most .numerous? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .palms .and
.soles.
What .is .a .sweat .pore? .What .is .its .function? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-sweat .gland .is .a
.coiled .tube .that .is .embedded .in .the .dermis .of .the .skin, .and .the .duct .opens .onto
.the .surface .of .the .skin .through .a .sweat .pore
When .the .body's .temperature .increases, .the .glands .are .stimulated .to .produce
.sweat, .which .evaporates .and .has .a .cooling .effect.
What .is .cerumen .and .what .is .its .purpose? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-They .secrete .an
.oily, .sticky .substance .aka .earwax .
that .is .thought .to .repel .insects .and .trap .foreign .material.
What .is .the .body's .response .to .an .increase .in .body .temperature? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-The .skin .helps .to .regulate .body .temperature .in .two .ways: .by .dilation
.and .constriction .of .blood .vessels, .and .by .activity .or .inactivity .of .the .sweat .glands.
What .is .the .body's .response .to .an .decrease .in .body .temperature? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-blood .vessels .constrict .and .sweat .glands .are .inactive .to .conserve .body
, .heat. .The .adipose .tissue .in .the .subcutaneous .layer .also .helps .by .acting .as .an
.insulator.
Why .is .vitamin .D .so .important .to .the .body, .what .relies .on .it? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-is .required .for .calcium .and .phosphorus .absorption .in .the .small
.intestine. .The .calcium .and .phosphorus .are .essential .for .normal .bone .metabolism
.and .muscle .function.
acr/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-extremities
cutane/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-skin
derm/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-skin
dermat/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-skin
myc/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-fungus
onych/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-nail
cyan/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-blue
erythr/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-red
leuk/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-white
melan/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-black
xanth/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-yellow
-a ., .-e ., .-y .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-no .meaning
-itis .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-inflammation
osis .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-abnormal .condition
-lysis .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-dissolution, .separating
-ous .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-pertaining .to
-epi .(Prefix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-On ., .upon ., .over
-hypo .(prefix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-below, .deficient, .under
-intra .(prefix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-within
AND ANSWERS 2025.
What .are .the .two .layers .that .make .up .the .skin? .Define .them. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
The .outer .layer .is .the .epidermis, .and .the .inner .layer .is .the .dermis.
What .are .melanocytes? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-are .specialized .epithelial .cells .that
.produce .a .dark .pigment .called .melanin, .which .is .primarily .responsible .for .skin
.color.
What .is .embedded .in .the .dermis? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Hair, .nails, .and .certain
.glands .(although .derived .from .the .stratum .basale .of .the .epidermis)
What .are .sensory .receptors? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-detect .changes .in .the
.environment, .such .as .heat, .cold, .pain, .pressure, .and .touch. .Because .there .are .no
.nerves .in .the .epidermis, .these .receptors .are .the .body's .contact .with .the
.environment.
What .distinct .patterns .are .contained .in .the .papillae? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-On .the
.palms, .the .fingertips, .and .the .soles .of .the .feet, .the .papillae .form .distinct .patterns
.or .ridges .that .provide .friction .for .grasping .objects. .The .patterns .are .genetically
.determined .and .are .unique .for .each .individual. .These .are .the .basis .of .fingerprints
.and .footprints.
What .is .the .subcutaneous .layer .of .the .skin? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-is .not .actually .a
.part .of .the .skin, .but .it .loosely .anchors .the .skin .to .underlying .organs.
What .gives .the .skin .its .color? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-some .genetic, .some
.physiologic, .and .some .environmental. .Basic .skin .color .is .caused .by .the .dark
.pigment .melanin, .produced .by .the .melanocytes .in .the .stratum .basale .of .the
.epidermis.
What .causes .the .yellow .tint .in .the .skin? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-pigment .CAROTENE
.in .addition .to .melanin.
What .affect .does .ultraviolet .light .have .on .melanocytic .activity? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-increases .melanocyte .activity .so .that .more .melanin .is .produced .and .the
.skin .becomes .darker .or .tanned.
What .is .the .shaft? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-portion .that .extends .beyond .the .surface .of
.the .epidermis. .It .is .the .part .that .you .can .see.
,What .is .the .root? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-is .the .portion .of .the .hair .that .is .below .the
.surface .of .the .skin. .It .is .surrounded .by .a .hair .follicle.
What .is .the .cuticle? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .outermost .covering .on .a .hair .is .a
.single .layer .of .overlapping, .keratinized .cells
Describe .the .nail, .along .with .its .parts. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-are .thin .plates .of .dead
.stratum .corneum .that .contain .a .very .hard .type .of .keratin .and .cover .the .dorsal
.surfaces .of .the .distal .ends .of .the .fingers .and .toes. .
Each .has .a .free .edge; .a .nail .body, .which .is .the .visible .portion; .and .a .nail .root,
.which .is .covered .with .skin.
What .are .sebaceous .glands? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-An .oil .gland .of .the .skin .that
.produces .sebum .or .body .oil.
are .associated .with .hair .follicles .and .are .found .in .all .areas .of .the .body .that .have
.hair
What .is .sebum? .What .is .its .function? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Is .an .oily .secretion .and
.is .functions .is .to .keep .hair .and .skin .soft .and .pliable.
What .are .sweat .(sudoriferous) .glands? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-are .widely
.distributed .over .the .body.
Where .are .sweat .glands .most .numerous? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .palms .and
.soles.
What .is .a .sweat .pore? .What .is .its .function? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-sweat .gland .is .a
.coiled .tube .that .is .embedded .in .the .dermis .of .the .skin, .and .the .duct .opens .onto
.the .surface .of .the .skin .through .a .sweat .pore
When .the .body's .temperature .increases, .the .glands .are .stimulated .to .produce
.sweat, .which .evaporates .and .has .a .cooling .effect.
What .is .cerumen .and .what .is .its .purpose? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-They .secrete .an
.oily, .sticky .substance .aka .earwax .
that .is .thought .to .repel .insects .and .trap .foreign .material.
What .is .the .body's .response .to .an .increase .in .body .temperature? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-The .skin .helps .to .regulate .body .temperature .in .two .ways: .by .dilation
.and .constriction .of .blood .vessels, .and .by .activity .or .inactivity .of .the .sweat .glands.
What .is .the .body's .response .to .an .decrease .in .body .temperature? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-blood .vessels .constrict .and .sweat .glands .are .inactive .to .conserve .body
, .heat. .The .adipose .tissue .in .the .subcutaneous .layer .also .helps .by .acting .as .an
.insulator.
Why .is .vitamin .D .so .important .to .the .body, .what .relies .on .it? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-is .required .for .calcium .and .phosphorus .absorption .in .the .small
.intestine. .The .calcium .and .phosphorus .are .essential .for .normal .bone .metabolism
.and .muscle .function.
acr/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-extremities
cutane/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-skin
derm/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-skin
dermat/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-skin
myc/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-fungus
onych/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-nail
cyan/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-blue
erythr/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-red
leuk/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-white
melan/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-black
xanth/o .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-yellow
-a ., .-e ., .-y .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-no .meaning
-itis .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-inflammation
osis .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-abnormal .condition
-lysis .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-dissolution, .separating
-ous .(suffix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-pertaining .to
-epi .(Prefix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-On ., .upon ., .over
-hypo .(prefix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-below, .deficient, .under
-intra .(prefix) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-within
