GMS6419: MEDICAL ENDOCRINE AND
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
What are the three components of the endocrine system - Answers :endocrine glands
Hormones
Target organs/target cells
Definition of hormones - Answers :chemical messengers that are transported by the
blood to target cells/organs where they elicit a physiological change
What is the function of the endocrine system - Answers :to regulate cellular and organ
function throughout life and maintain normal body homeostasis
The endocrine system regulates: - Answers :-growth/developmental processes
-reproduction
-energy balance/metabolism
-body temperature
-stress responses
-sodium/potassium/calcium/phosphate
-water and sodium balance
-cardiovascular regulation
-GI system
Where are hormones made - Answers :by the glands
How are the endocrine and neurocrine systems different - Answers :there is no
endocrine gland so the hormone is released from the nerve terminal instead
Where are hormones released in the paracrine and autocrine systems - Answers :into
the interstitial fluid and then to the receptors on target cells
Examples of paracrine and autocrine systems - Answers :growth factors
Cytokines
Neurotransmitters (nts)
What are the major endocrine glands - Answers :hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
,What are the master endocrine glands - Answers :hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus hormones - Answers :releasing/inhibiting hormones
Pituitary gland hormones - Answers :ACTH
TSH
GH
LH
FSH
PRL
SST
AVP
OT
Thyroid gland hormones - Answers :T3
T4
CT
Parathyroid gland hormones - Answers :PTH
Adrenal gland hormones - Answers :ALDO
CORT
EPI
NE
Pancreas hormones - Answers :insulin
Glucagon
Ovarian hormones - Answers :estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
Testes hormones - Answers :testosterone
Inhibin
What are the three major classes of hormones - Answers :proteins/peptides (largest
group)
Steroids/steroid-like molecules
Tyrosine-derived hormones
Where are most peptide hormones made - Answers :intracellularly
Steps of making a peptide hormone - Answers :starts with DNA
Mrna
Preprohormone (ribosomes)
,Prohormone (endoplasmic reticulum)
Hormone (golgi bodies)
Where do peptide hormones go once they are made - Answers :stored in
secretory/storage granules until they are released
Characteristics of peptide hormones - Answers :hydrophilic (water soluble)
Usually circulate freely in blood
Short half-life (rapid metabolism and excretion)
Bind to membrane receptors at target cell
What triggers exocytosis of peptide hormones from cell - Answers :Calcium
Example of a peptide hormone that is synthesized extracellularly - Answers :angiotensin
II
Examples of steroids and steroid-like hormones - Answers :aldosterone (ALDO)
Cortisol (CORT)
Estradiol (E2)
Progesterone (P)
Testosterone (T)
1,25 (OH)2D3 (derivative of vitamin D3)
What are all steroids/steroid-like hormones derived from - Answers :cholesterol
Where are DA, EPI, and NE tyrosine-derived hormones made - Answers :in adrenal
gland in adrenal medulla
Where are T4 and T3 tyrosine-derived hormones made - Answers :in thyroid gland
What are EPI and NE known as - Answers :catecholamines
Characteristics of DA, EPI, and NE - Answers :-stored in secretory granules
-released by exocytosis
-hydrophilic (water soluble)
-circulate freely in blood
-short half life
-bind to membrane receptors at target cells
Characteristics of T3 and T4 - Answers :-stored in thyroid follicles or released imediately
after synthesis by diffusion through plasma membrane
-lipid soluble, water insoluble
-circulate in blood bound to a binding protein
-long half life
-have intracellular receptors at target cells
, What controls the circadian rhythms - Answers :secretion of different hormones by
hypothalamus, particularly ACTH made by anterior pituitary
Want spike in morning and lower levels at night
Where are receptors located for peptides/catecholamines - Answers :cell surface
Where are receptors located for steroids/steroid-like hormones/thyroid hormones -
Answers :intracellularly
Where is the hypothalamus located - Answers :base of the brain below the thalamus
Forms the walls and floor of 3rd ventricle
Where are steroids/steroid-like hormones made - Answers :intracellularly, but not stored
in vessicles
Characteristics of steroids/steroid-like hormones - Answers :-released by diffusion
through plasma membrane
-lipid soluble, water insoluble
-circulate in blood bound to a binding protein
-long half life (slow metabolism and excretion)
-have intracellular receptors at target cells bc lipid soluble
Examples of tyrosine-derived hormones - Answers :-dopamine (DA)
-epinephrine (EPI) aka adrenaline
-norepinephrine (NE) aka noradrenalin
-thyroxine (T4)
-triiodothyronine (T3)
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland - Answers :the pituitary stalk
(infundibular stalk, hypophysis or neurohypophyseal stalk)
Where is the pituitary gland located - Answers :below the hypothalamus in a pocket of
bone called the sella turcica
What are the two major parts of the pituitary gland - Answers :-anterior pituitary
(adenohypophysis: primary part is the pars distalis)
-posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis, pars nervosa)
What is the median eminence in the pituitary gland - Answers :-the site of termination of
many nerve cells that originate in the hypothalamus
-
What are the three main roles of the hypothalamus - Answers :-homeostatic
mechanisms
-allostatic mechanism
-circadian control systems
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
What are the three components of the endocrine system - Answers :endocrine glands
Hormones
Target organs/target cells
Definition of hormones - Answers :chemical messengers that are transported by the
blood to target cells/organs where they elicit a physiological change
What is the function of the endocrine system - Answers :to regulate cellular and organ
function throughout life and maintain normal body homeostasis
The endocrine system regulates: - Answers :-growth/developmental processes
-reproduction
-energy balance/metabolism
-body temperature
-stress responses
-sodium/potassium/calcium/phosphate
-water and sodium balance
-cardiovascular regulation
-GI system
Where are hormones made - Answers :by the glands
How are the endocrine and neurocrine systems different - Answers :there is no
endocrine gland so the hormone is released from the nerve terminal instead
Where are hormones released in the paracrine and autocrine systems - Answers :into
the interstitial fluid and then to the receptors on target cells
Examples of paracrine and autocrine systems - Answers :growth factors
Cytokines
Neurotransmitters (nts)
What are the major endocrine glands - Answers :hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
,What are the master endocrine glands - Answers :hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus hormones - Answers :releasing/inhibiting hormones
Pituitary gland hormones - Answers :ACTH
TSH
GH
LH
FSH
PRL
SST
AVP
OT
Thyroid gland hormones - Answers :T3
T4
CT
Parathyroid gland hormones - Answers :PTH
Adrenal gland hormones - Answers :ALDO
CORT
EPI
NE
Pancreas hormones - Answers :insulin
Glucagon
Ovarian hormones - Answers :estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
Testes hormones - Answers :testosterone
Inhibin
What are the three major classes of hormones - Answers :proteins/peptides (largest
group)
Steroids/steroid-like molecules
Tyrosine-derived hormones
Where are most peptide hormones made - Answers :intracellularly
Steps of making a peptide hormone - Answers :starts with DNA
Mrna
Preprohormone (ribosomes)
,Prohormone (endoplasmic reticulum)
Hormone (golgi bodies)
Where do peptide hormones go once they are made - Answers :stored in
secretory/storage granules until they are released
Characteristics of peptide hormones - Answers :hydrophilic (water soluble)
Usually circulate freely in blood
Short half-life (rapid metabolism and excretion)
Bind to membrane receptors at target cell
What triggers exocytosis of peptide hormones from cell - Answers :Calcium
Example of a peptide hormone that is synthesized extracellularly - Answers :angiotensin
II
Examples of steroids and steroid-like hormones - Answers :aldosterone (ALDO)
Cortisol (CORT)
Estradiol (E2)
Progesterone (P)
Testosterone (T)
1,25 (OH)2D3 (derivative of vitamin D3)
What are all steroids/steroid-like hormones derived from - Answers :cholesterol
Where are DA, EPI, and NE tyrosine-derived hormones made - Answers :in adrenal
gland in adrenal medulla
Where are T4 and T3 tyrosine-derived hormones made - Answers :in thyroid gland
What are EPI and NE known as - Answers :catecholamines
Characteristics of DA, EPI, and NE - Answers :-stored in secretory granules
-released by exocytosis
-hydrophilic (water soluble)
-circulate freely in blood
-short half life
-bind to membrane receptors at target cells
Characteristics of T3 and T4 - Answers :-stored in thyroid follicles or released imediately
after synthesis by diffusion through plasma membrane
-lipid soluble, water insoluble
-circulate in blood bound to a binding protein
-long half life
-have intracellular receptors at target cells
, What controls the circadian rhythms - Answers :secretion of different hormones by
hypothalamus, particularly ACTH made by anterior pituitary
Want spike in morning and lower levels at night
Where are receptors located for peptides/catecholamines - Answers :cell surface
Where are receptors located for steroids/steroid-like hormones/thyroid hormones -
Answers :intracellularly
Where is the hypothalamus located - Answers :base of the brain below the thalamus
Forms the walls and floor of 3rd ventricle
Where are steroids/steroid-like hormones made - Answers :intracellularly, but not stored
in vessicles
Characteristics of steroids/steroid-like hormones - Answers :-released by diffusion
through plasma membrane
-lipid soluble, water insoluble
-circulate in blood bound to a binding protein
-long half life (slow metabolism and excretion)
-have intracellular receptors at target cells bc lipid soluble
Examples of tyrosine-derived hormones - Answers :-dopamine (DA)
-epinephrine (EPI) aka adrenaline
-norepinephrine (NE) aka noradrenalin
-thyroxine (T4)
-triiodothyronine (T3)
What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland - Answers :the pituitary stalk
(infundibular stalk, hypophysis or neurohypophyseal stalk)
Where is the pituitary gland located - Answers :below the hypothalamus in a pocket of
bone called the sella turcica
What are the two major parts of the pituitary gland - Answers :-anterior pituitary
(adenohypophysis: primary part is the pars distalis)
-posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis, pars nervosa)
What is the median eminence in the pituitary gland - Answers :-the site of termination of
many nerve cells that originate in the hypothalamus
-
What are the three main roles of the hypothalamus - Answers :-homeostatic
mechanisms
-allostatic mechanism
-circadian control systems
