BLD 435 EXAMS/FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS.
LATEST UPDATE
describe the major function of all formed components of whole blood
-plasma: main component of blood and consists mostly of water, with proteins, ions,
nutrients, and wastes mixed in.
-Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
-Platelets are responsible for blood clotting.
-White blood cells are part of the immune system and function in immune response.
describe an antigen-antibody reaction and its result in vivo and in vitro.
-specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood
cells and antigens during immune reaction
-in vivo: could get lysis, could go undetected.
-in vitro: may see hemolysis, classical C' activation by IgM or IgG. Agglutination
(reversible)
physical factors that influence Ag:Ab reactions in vitro (i.e. temp, pH, time, ionic
strength, Ag:AB ratio, etc.) and discuss the effects which each of these has on
immunohematological testing
-temp: 37 deg C
-pH: 7.4
,-time: equivalence rxn, 10-60 mins
-ionic strenghth: Ig is net +, RBC is net -, RBCs surrounded by Na+
-Ig:Ab ratio: 80:1
describe the classical model of zeta potential.
-potential difference between the dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid
attached to the dispersed particle
-reduced Na+ increases zeta potential, but increased Ig uptake will reduce net neg
charges decreasing the overall zeta potential (cell is sensitized and will agglutinate)
list the methods used to reduce zeta potential and explain how they do so
but increased Ig uptake will reduce net neg charges decreasing the overall zeta
potential (cell is sensitized and will agglutinate)
compare and contrast methods used to alter the sensitivity of the procedures
used to detect Ag:Ab reactions.
-anything that affects sensitization will affect hemolysis
-sensitization can be blocked by using soluble Ag
-IgG will cause sensitization but not agglutination
-C3 can cause sensitization
state the significance of C3 components detected in immunohematology and the
fate of red cells coated with complement in vivo.
-complelment componenent
-most C' that gets activated doesnt get past C3
-no hemolysis, no MAC
-liver cells coated w/ C3
, -cells sensitized with c3 or IgG: evidence of rxn and type II hypersensitivity event
-when complement is activated it is stopped at C3
-Intravascular hemolysis is lysis to completion by C' activation
describe the composition and structure of the red cell membrane, include the
placement of antigens, the cause of a net negative charge and basic composition
and structure of red cell antigens.
-3 layers: the glycocalyx on the exterior, which is rich in carbohydrates; the lipid bilayer
which contains many transmembrane proteins, besides its lipidic main constituents; and
the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of
the lipid
-Amount of Ags on red cells depends on Ag group
-RBC surrounded by Na+: net negative
-composition and structure of red cell antigens: protein or sugars
compare and contrast immune vs. innate antibodies
-Innate: nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within
hours of an antigen's appearance in the body.
-Immune: antigen first must be processed and recognized. the adaptive immune system
creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen. also
includes a "memory" that makes future responses against a specific antigen more
efficient.
define antibody affinity and describe its chemical basis
-affinity constant of Ig: better it binds better it holds on and stays attached
-antibody affinity: the greater the affinity the stronger the rxn, cant be manipulated
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% GUARANTEED PASS.
LATEST UPDATE
describe the major function of all formed components of whole blood
-plasma: main component of blood and consists mostly of water, with proteins, ions,
nutrients, and wastes mixed in.
-Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
-Platelets are responsible for blood clotting.
-White blood cells are part of the immune system and function in immune response.
describe an antigen-antibody reaction and its result in vivo and in vitro.
-specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood
cells and antigens during immune reaction
-in vivo: could get lysis, could go undetected.
-in vitro: may see hemolysis, classical C' activation by IgM or IgG. Agglutination
(reversible)
physical factors that influence Ag:Ab reactions in vitro (i.e. temp, pH, time, ionic
strength, Ag:AB ratio, etc.) and discuss the effects which each of these has on
immunohematological testing
-temp: 37 deg C
-pH: 7.4
,-time: equivalence rxn, 10-60 mins
-ionic strenghth: Ig is net +, RBC is net -, RBCs surrounded by Na+
-Ig:Ab ratio: 80:1
describe the classical model of zeta potential.
-potential difference between the dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid
attached to the dispersed particle
-reduced Na+ increases zeta potential, but increased Ig uptake will reduce net neg
charges decreasing the overall zeta potential (cell is sensitized and will agglutinate)
list the methods used to reduce zeta potential and explain how they do so
but increased Ig uptake will reduce net neg charges decreasing the overall zeta
potential (cell is sensitized and will agglutinate)
compare and contrast methods used to alter the sensitivity of the procedures
used to detect Ag:Ab reactions.
-anything that affects sensitization will affect hemolysis
-sensitization can be blocked by using soluble Ag
-IgG will cause sensitization but not agglutination
-C3 can cause sensitization
state the significance of C3 components detected in immunohematology and the
fate of red cells coated with complement in vivo.
-complelment componenent
-most C' that gets activated doesnt get past C3
-no hemolysis, no MAC
-liver cells coated w/ C3
, -cells sensitized with c3 or IgG: evidence of rxn and type II hypersensitivity event
-when complement is activated it is stopped at C3
-Intravascular hemolysis is lysis to completion by C' activation
describe the composition and structure of the red cell membrane, include the
placement of antigens, the cause of a net negative charge and basic composition
and structure of red cell antigens.
-3 layers: the glycocalyx on the exterior, which is rich in carbohydrates; the lipid bilayer
which contains many transmembrane proteins, besides its lipidic main constituents; and
the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of
the lipid
-Amount of Ags on red cells depends on Ag group
-RBC surrounded by Na+: net negative
-composition and structure of red cell antigens: protein or sugars
compare and contrast immune vs. innate antibodies
-Innate: nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within
hours of an antigen's appearance in the body.
-Immune: antigen first must be processed and recognized. the adaptive immune system
creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen. also
includes a "memory" that makes future responses against a specific antigen more
efficient.
define antibody affinity and describe its chemical basis
-affinity constant of Ig: better it binds better it holds on and stays attached
-antibody affinity: the greater the affinity the stronger the rxn, cant be manipulated
