Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Study Guide 2024/2025 Exam Questions
with 100% Correct Answers | Latest
Update
Explain how cells are connected to form tissues and organs? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Cellular receptors such as protein molecules on the plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, or nucleus. Proteins that bind with ligands must fit together. The
plasma membrane receptors: Determine with which ligands a cell will bind.
Determine how the cell will respond to the binding. Ligand-receptor
complex initiates interactions causing adenylyl cyclase to transform
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to messenger molecules that stimulate
specific response in the cell. This will allow cells to form tissues and
organs.
Describe the different types of tissues and their functions. Epithelial,
Connective, Muscle, Neural. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Epithelial- covers most of the
internal and external body surfaces, simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal,
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,columnar, pseudo stratified. The structures are Cilia and microvilli.
Functions- protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion.
Connective- serve as the ground substance, the fibers are collagenous
(white), elastic (yellow), and reticular. There are loose and dense
connective tissue examples are cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, and
organs. Functions- They are the framework for forming organs, binding,
supporting, and storing excess nutrients.
Muscle Tissue- are composed of myocytes, examples are smooth,
skeletal, cardiac. Functions- contractile tissue, enabling both voluntary and
involuntary movement.
Neural Tissue- Structure: Neurons, synapses, cell body, axons, and
dendrites. Functions: Receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly
across junctions called synapses such as Neurotransmitters.
Mitochondria within the cells are responsible for: - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔a.
Cellular respiration and energy production via metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.
The process of catabolism involves three phases in which order? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔b. Digestion, glycolysis, and Krebs cycle.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,A patient has an annual Pap smear and gynecologic examination. Three
years ago, immediately before her third pregnancy, the pathologic report of
her Pap smear indicated she had hormonal hyperplasia. Her current Pap
smear indicates she has atypical hyperplasia or dysplasia. What is the
difference between these? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Atypical hyperplasia- is a term
used when there is an abnormal pattern of growth of cells within the ducts
and/ or lobules that are not cancerous.
Hyperplasia means that there are more cells than usual and they are no
longer lined up in just the 2 layers of cells. By looking under the microscope
some of the growth looks more abnormal.
Dysplasia- is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in
maturation of cells within a tissue. This generally consists of an expansion
of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and
location of mature cells.
Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. Example is
Epithelial dysplasia of the cervix (from an abnormal pap smear) consists of
an increased population of immature (basal-like) cells which are restricted
to the mucosal surface, and have not invaded through the basement
membrane to the deeper soft tissues.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, A patient has been smoking one pack of cigarettes per day for 20 years.
Describe the possible cellular changes that have occurred in his bronchial
linings that can make him more prone to upper respiratory infections -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Smoking damage is slow and progressive and deadly.
Smoking affects the normal process of how our respiratory system removes
trapped dirt and disease causing organisms, which cilia sweep toward the
mouth, where it can be eliminated. The first inhalation starts the process of
the cilia slowly losing their function and becoming paralyzed and then
disappears all together. The smoker's cough is now the end result. The
cilium no longer removes the mucus effectively and the person must cough
it up. The respiratory tract is now vulnerable for lung congestion and a
place for pathogenic organisms to start developing. The cough leads to
chronic bronchitis caused by the destroyed cilia. The bronchioles lose
elasticity and are no longer able to absorb the pressure within the alveoli
enough to rupture the delicate alveolar walls; this is the classic sign for
emphysema. Progressing emphysema may be cellular changes leading to
lung cancer. First the outer border of the bronchial lining begins to divide
more rapidly than usual. Eventually, these displace the ciliated cells. The
nuclei begin to look like cancer cells, large and distorted with abnormal
numbers and chromosomes. The damage at this point can be repaired is
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Study Guide 2024/2025 Exam Questions
with 100% Correct Answers | Latest
Update
Explain how cells are connected to form tissues and organs? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Cellular receptors such as protein molecules on the plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, or nucleus. Proteins that bind with ligands must fit together. The
plasma membrane receptors: Determine with which ligands a cell will bind.
Determine how the cell will respond to the binding. Ligand-receptor
complex initiates interactions causing adenylyl cyclase to transform
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to messenger molecules that stimulate
specific response in the cell. This will allow cells to form tissues and
organs.
Describe the different types of tissues and their functions. Epithelial,
Connective, Muscle, Neural. - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Epithelial- covers most of the
internal and external body surfaces, simple, stratified, squamous, cuboidal,
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
1
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,columnar, pseudo stratified. The structures are Cilia and microvilli.
Functions- protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion.
Connective- serve as the ground substance, the fibers are collagenous
(white), elastic (yellow), and reticular. There are loose and dense
connective tissue examples are cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, and
organs. Functions- They are the framework for forming organs, binding,
supporting, and storing excess nutrients.
Muscle Tissue- are composed of myocytes, examples are smooth,
skeletal, cardiac. Functions- contractile tissue, enabling both voluntary and
involuntary movement.
Neural Tissue- Structure: Neurons, synapses, cell body, axons, and
dendrites. Functions: Receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly
across junctions called synapses such as Neurotransmitters.
Mitochondria within the cells are responsible for: - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔a.
Cellular respiration and energy production via metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.
The process of catabolism involves three phases in which order? -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔b. Digestion, glycolysis, and Krebs cycle.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,A patient has an annual Pap smear and gynecologic examination. Three
years ago, immediately before her third pregnancy, the pathologic report of
her Pap smear indicated she had hormonal hyperplasia. Her current Pap
smear indicates she has atypical hyperplasia or dysplasia. What is the
difference between these? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Atypical hyperplasia- is a term
used when there is an abnormal pattern of growth of cells within the ducts
and/ or lobules that are not cancerous.
Hyperplasia means that there are more cells than usual and they are no
longer lined up in just the 2 layers of cells. By looking under the microscope
some of the growth looks more abnormal.
Dysplasia- is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in
maturation of cells within a tissue. This generally consists of an expansion
of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and
location of mature cells.
Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. Example is
Epithelial dysplasia of the cervix (from an abnormal pap smear) consists of
an increased population of immature (basal-like) cells which are restricted
to the mucosal surface, and have not invaded through the basement
membrane to the deeper soft tissues.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, A patient has been smoking one pack of cigarettes per day for 20 years.
Describe the possible cellular changes that have occurred in his bronchial
linings that can make him more prone to upper respiratory infections -
🧠ANSWER ✔✔Smoking damage is slow and progressive and deadly.
Smoking affects the normal process of how our respiratory system removes
trapped dirt and disease causing organisms, which cilia sweep toward the
mouth, where it can be eliminated. The first inhalation starts the process of
the cilia slowly losing their function and becoming paralyzed and then
disappears all together. The smoker's cough is now the end result. The
cilium no longer removes the mucus effectively and the person must cough
it up. The respiratory tract is now vulnerable for lung congestion and a
place for pathogenic organisms to start developing. The cough leads to
chronic bronchitis caused by the destroyed cilia. The bronchioles lose
elasticity and are no longer able to absorb the pressure within the alveoli
enough to rupture the delicate alveolar walls; this is the classic sign for
emphysema. Progressing emphysema may be cellular changes leading to
lung cancer. First the outer border of the bronchial lining begins to divide
more rapidly than usual. Eventually, these displace the ciliated cells. The
nuclei begin to look like cancer cells, large and distorted with abnormal
numbers and chromosomes. The damage at this point can be repaired is
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
