PSYC 245 UNC Exam 1
biological treatments - ✔️✔️drug therapies; electrocompulsive therapy (severe mood
disorders), psychosurgery
behavioral approaches - ✔️✔️reinforces and punishments affect behavior
classical conditioning - ✔️✔️a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more
stimuli and anticipate events (conditioned and unconditioned stimulus/response)
operant conditioning - ✔️✔️a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
cognitive approaches - ✔️✔️thoughts and beliefs shape behavior and emotions
casual attributions - ✔️✔️influence the meaning of an event and our expectations
global assumptions - ✔️✔️broad beliefs about ourselves, relationships, and the world
psychodynamic approach - ✔️✔️behaviors, thoughts, emotions affected by
unconscious processes
id - ✔️✔️pleasure principle; unconcsious
Plato - ✔️✔️-Diminished criminal responsibility for mentally ill
-Emphasized role of sociocultural factors
-Some supernatural influence on etiology
Aristotle - ✔️✔️-Largely Hippocractic in views
-Rejected importance of frustration and conflict in etiology of mental disorders
-Described the role of consciousness: people strive to eliminate pain and attain pleasure
(similar to Freud)
Age of Enlightenment - ✔️✔️Pinel (1754-1826): removed chains from patients and
treated them friendly
Tuke (1732-1822): established the york retreat; trained physicians and nurses with
humanity
Dix (1802-1882): worldwide awareness of inhumane treatment and established 32
hospitals
, 1970s Deinstitutionalization - ✔️✔️Replaced inpatient hospitals with community-based
care, day treatment, outreach programs
-shaped by drugs, economic incentives, institutional hazards
-paid more attention to negative than positive rights
biological approaches - ✔️✔️brain disfunction (injury, disease), biochemical
inbalances, endocrine system (hormones), genetic abnormalities, epigenetics
cultural relativism - ✔️✔️there are no universal standards for abnormal; relative to
cultural norms
4 D's for abnormality - ✔️✔️dysfunction (maladaptive), distress/discomfort, deviance
(unusualness), dangerous (observer discomfort)
deinstitutionalization - ✔️✔️patients rights movements and community health
movement towards community based treatment
Szasz - ✔️✔️mental illness is a myth and a form of control
Historical views of mental illness - ✔️✔️Demonology, Gods, & Magic
Hippocrates' Early Medical Concepts - ✔️✔️-the out of balance of these humors led to
mental disorders or personality changes (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile)
-physical affects mental
-types of mental illness: mania, melancholia, phrenitis "brain fever" (schizophrenia)
-recognizes importance of environment
supergo - ✔️✔️storehouse for rules and regulations; moral standards; conscious and
unconscious
ego - ✔️✔️reality principle; gratify wishes with restraints, conscious and unconscious
Defense Mechaisms - ✔️✔️repression (motivated forgetting)
denial (motivated negation)
projection (putting unacceptable desires on someone else)
displacement (redirection of impulse towards safer target)
reaction formation (turning impulse into its opposite)
sublimation (transform impulse into something socially acceptable)
regression (reverting to earlier mode of functioning)
rationalization (concealing true motive)
intellectualization (denying true affect)
Humanistic and existential theories - ✔️✔️The inability to fulfill one's potential arises
from the pressures of society to conforms to other expectations
biological treatments - ✔️✔️drug therapies; electrocompulsive therapy (severe mood
disorders), psychosurgery
behavioral approaches - ✔️✔️reinforces and punishments affect behavior
classical conditioning - ✔️✔️a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more
stimuli and anticipate events (conditioned and unconditioned stimulus/response)
operant conditioning - ✔️✔️a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
cognitive approaches - ✔️✔️thoughts and beliefs shape behavior and emotions
casual attributions - ✔️✔️influence the meaning of an event and our expectations
global assumptions - ✔️✔️broad beliefs about ourselves, relationships, and the world
psychodynamic approach - ✔️✔️behaviors, thoughts, emotions affected by
unconscious processes
id - ✔️✔️pleasure principle; unconcsious
Plato - ✔️✔️-Diminished criminal responsibility for mentally ill
-Emphasized role of sociocultural factors
-Some supernatural influence on etiology
Aristotle - ✔️✔️-Largely Hippocractic in views
-Rejected importance of frustration and conflict in etiology of mental disorders
-Described the role of consciousness: people strive to eliminate pain and attain pleasure
(similar to Freud)
Age of Enlightenment - ✔️✔️Pinel (1754-1826): removed chains from patients and
treated them friendly
Tuke (1732-1822): established the york retreat; trained physicians and nurses with
humanity
Dix (1802-1882): worldwide awareness of inhumane treatment and established 32
hospitals
, 1970s Deinstitutionalization - ✔️✔️Replaced inpatient hospitals with community-based
care, day treatment, outreach programs
-shaped by drugs, economic incentives, institutional hazards
-paid more attention to negative than positive rights
biological approaches - ✔️✔️brain disfunction (injury, disease), biochemical
inbalances, endocrine system (hormones), genetic abnormalities, epigenetics
cultural relativism - ✔️✔️there are no universal standards for abnormal; relative to
cultural norms
4 D's for abnormality - ✔️✔️dysfunction (maladaptive), distress/discomfort, deviance
(unusualness), dangerous (observer discomfort)
deinstitutionalization - ✔️✔️patients rights movements and community health
movement towards community based treatment
Szasz - ✔️✔️mental illness is a myth and a form of control
Historical views of mental illness - ✔️✔️Demonology, Gods, & Magic
Hippocrates' Early Medical Concepts - ✔️✔️-the out of balance of these humors led to
mental disorders or personality changes (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile)
-physical affects mental
-types of mental illness: mania, melancholia, phrenitis "brain fever" (schizophrenia)
-recognizes importance of environment
supergo - ✔️✔️storehouse for rules and regulations; moral standards; conscious and
unconscious
ego - ✔️✔️reality principle; gratify wishes with restraints, conscious and unconscious
Defense Mechaisms - ✔️✔️repression (motivated forgetting)
denial (motivated negation)
projection (putting unacceptable desires on someone else)
displacement (redirection of impulse towards safer target)
reaction formation (turning impulse into its opposite)
sublimation (transform impulse into something socially acceptable)
regression (reverting to earlier mode of functioning)
rationalization (concealing true motive)
intellectualization (denying true affect)
Humanistic and existential theories - ✔️✔️The inability to fulfill one's potential arises
from the pressures of society to conforms to other expectations
