NFDN 2006 Final Exam

Population Health - Correct Ans-Focused practice directs community health nursing practice; in contrast to individual-focused health care, it emphasizes reducing the health inequities of a defined population or aggregate. 12 Determinants of Health - Correct Ans-1) Income and social status 2) Employment/working conditions 3) Education and literacy 4) Childhood experiences 5) Physical environments 6) Social supports and coping skills 7) Healthy behaviors 8) Access to health services 9) Biology and genetic endowment 10) Gender 11) Culture 12) Race/racism Social Determinants of Health Meaning - Correct Ans-They are the social conditions and broader forces that interact to influence risks to health and well-being and affect how vulnerable or resilient people are to disease and injury. Social Justice - Correct Ans-"The fair distribution of society's benefits, responsibilities and their consequences. It focuses on the relative position of one social group in relationship to others in society as well as on the root causes of disparities and what can be done to eliminate them". Working for social justice as a CHN involves two guiding principles: recognizing inequities and taking action to eliminate them Primary Health Care - Correct Ans-The medical model which focus' on treatment and cure in institutions, was the most commonly used model in health care. The Lalonde Report (1974) started the shift in thinking toward a population health promotion approach that considered factors in influencing health, such as lifestyle. Primary Care - Correct Ans-Refers to the first contact between individuals and the health care system. Principals of Primary Health Care - Correct Ans-Accessibility, Health Promotion, Public Participation, Appropriate Technology, Intersectoral Collaboration (which emphasizes the integration of health development with social and economic development. Intersectoral collaboration involves different professionals across sectors working together to identify and develop sustainable health programs supported by policy). Public Health - Correct Ans-An organized activity of society to promote, protect, improve, and when necessary restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population. 6 Areas of Public Nursing - Correct Ans-1) Health Protection 2) Health Promotion 3) Population Health Assessment 4) Health Surveillance 5) Disease and Injury Prevention 6) Emergency Preparedness and Response Public Health Nursing - Correct Ans-Is community health nursing with distinct focus and scope of practice. Upstream Thinking - Correct Ans-Looks beyond the individual to take a macroscopic, big-picture population focus. It also includes a primary prevention perspective and is a population health approach. At this level, CHNs ask, "How can we change the 'causes of the causes,' or the conditions that set up the conditions for the illness or injury?" Midstream Thinking - Correct Ans-Addresses the micro policy level: regional, local, community, or organizational. At this level, CHNs ask, "How can we change the causes of the illness or injury?" Downstream Thinking - Correct Ans-Refers to taking an individual curative focus, a view that does not consider economic, sociopolitical, and environmental factors. At this level, CHNs ask, "How can the illness and its consequences be treated?" Primary Prevention - Correct Ans-Activities seek to prevent the occurrence of a disease (based on the natural history of a disease) or an injury. Secondary Prevention - Correct Ans-Activities seek to detect a disease early in its progression (early pathogenesis), before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent, to make a diagnosis and begin treatment. Tertiary Prevention - Correct Ans-Activities begin once a disease has become obvious; the goals are to interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount of disability that might occur, and begin rehabilitation. Episodic Care - Correct Ans-Curative and restorative aspects of practice (secondary and tertiary prevention). Distributive Care - Correct Ans-Refers to health maintenance, disease prevention, and health promotion (primary prevention). Community - Correct Ans-Defined as people and the relationships that emerge among them as they develop and commonly share agencies, institutions, or physical environments. Lalonde Report (1974) - Correct Ans-The Lalonde Report of the mid-1970s initiated the health promotion movement in Canada, which focused on healthy individual lifestyles. Canada led the worldwide effort in health promotion initiatives through written documents, such as the Epp Report. The EPP Report - Correct Ans-In 1986 Jake Epp, as the minister of Health and Welfare Canada, proposed a national framework for health promotion as a strategy to achieve the goal of "health for all." 3 National Health Challenges - Correct Ans-1) Reducing health inequities between low and high income groups. 2) Increasing prevention efforts by eliminating risks to decrease injuries, diseases, chronic illnesses, and related disabilities. 3) Enhancing coping abilities, especially helping people to manage chronic conditions, mental health problems, and disabilities. Areas of Practice for a CHN - Correct Ans-Home health nursing includes an arrangement of disease prevention, health promotion, and episodic illness-related services provided to people in their place of residence. Harm Reduction - Correct Ans-Set of strategies and ideas aimed at reducing harm to an individual or society by modifying harmful or hazardous behaviors that are difficult and in some cases, impossible to prevent. It is a movement for social justice built on a belief in and respect for the rights of people who engage in harmful or hazardous behaviors. WHO Definition of Health - Correct Ans-"Health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Risk Avoidance - Correct Ans-Is a disease prevention strategy used to avoid health problems and to remain at a low-risk level (placing the patient at no risk or low risk on the continuum). Risk Reduction - Correct Ans-Is a disease prevention strategy used to reduce or alter health concerns so that any disease is detected and treated early to prevent moving to a high risk level. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion - Correct Ans-(WHO 1986) Defined and developed the concept and components of health promotion. The Ottawa Charter increased awareness of and expanded upon the determinants of health in its discussions of the prerequisites for health, such as peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. 5 Major Actions - Correct Ans-1) Build healthy public policy (mandatory seatbelt use in cars) 2) Create supportive environ