SPECIALISTS EXAM
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS
5315 UTA EXAM 2 ALL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025 LATEST
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Antiretroviral medications - ANSWER: Used to impede viral replication of HIV
virus, come in 6 classes
1. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
3. Protease inhibitors
4. CCR5 inhibitors- inhibits binding to CCR3
5. Fusion inhibitor- inhibits fusion between HIV and cell membrane
6. Integrate inhibitor- inhibits viral integrate enzyme
Effects of genetic mutation of CCR5 cell receptor - ANSWER: Some people of
European descent carry the CCR5 delta32 mutation. The mutation makes a person
functionally resistant to the HIV virus, and might be a cure for those individuals
Describe the difference between HIV and AIDS, and clinical implications -
ANSWER: CD4 count >200 is HIV, If the CD4 count drops below 200 and an
AIDS defining illness occurs then the patient is said to have AIDS. Once they have
progressed, they will always have AIDS, even if CD4 count goes up.
AIDS defining illnesses: PCP, toxoplasmosis, progressive multi focal
leukoencephalopathy, disseminated MAC, Kaposki's sarcoma, lymphoma, TB,
SPECIALISTS EXAM
, SPECIALISTS EXAM
esophageal or tracheal candida infection, invasive cervical cancer, CMV infection,
and histoplasmosis
What are CM that indicate a compromised immune system in a person with HIV -
ANSWER: Thrush, cervical dysphasia, cervical carcinoma in situ, fever of 38.5
(101.3) or greater X 1 month, oral hairy leukoplakia, herpes zoster, immune
thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), PID, peripheral neuropathy, vaginal yeast
infections, Kaposi sarcoma, presence of any opportunistic infections.
Should be treated with prophylactic antibiotics
HIV EIA - ANSWER: 3rd generation immunoassay, can use urine, saliva, or
serum (best), >99% accuracy
test at 12 weeks post-exposure
4th generation immunoassay - ANSWER: "gold standard"
can test 10 days post exposure
can result negative, positive with HIV antibody, or positive without HIV antibody
PCP- pneumocystitis jiroveci pneumonia - ANSWER: fungus
butterfly infiltrates on CXR
CM- worsening dyspnea, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, poor appetite
Tx- Bactrim
MAC- mycobacterium avium complex - ANSWER: AFB- leads to systemic
infection, grows slow- thick cell wall hard to penetrate
CM- fever, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy
Tx- clarithromycin and ethambutol for 6-12 months
SPECIALISTS EXAM
, SPECIALISTS EXAM
CMV- cytomegalovirus - ANSWER: herpes virus
greatest risk for CD4 <50 (ensure eye exams)
CM- fever, myalgia, cervical lymphadenopathy, mild hepatitis, retinal detachment,
vision loss, blindness
Tx- resistant to medications, no prevention
how is coagulation cascade altered by warfarin - ANSWER: blocks Proteins S and
C
blocks Vit K enzyme to prevent carboxylation, decreasing amount of functional K
to be used in Vit K dependent coagulation factors
how does low molecular weight heparin affect coagulation cascade - ANSWER:
inhibits factor Xa and prevents formation of prothrombinase complex and
consequently thrombin
how do direct thrombin inhibitors alter coagulation cascade - ANSWER: prevent
activation of fibrinogen and XIII
give CM and an example of coagulopathy hemorrhage - ANSWER: CM- joint
bleeding, tissue hematomas, large spontaneous central ecchymosis, delayed
bleeding after surgery, trauma or injury
DIC
SPECIALISTS EXAM
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS
5315 UTA EXAM 2 ALL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025 LATEST
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Antiretroviral medications - ANSWER: Used to impede viral replication of HIV
virus, come in 6 classes
1. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
2. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
3. Protease inhibitors
4. CCR5 inhibitors- inhibits binding to CCR3
5. Fusion inhibitor- inhibits fusion between HIV and cell membrane
6. Integrate inhibitor- inhibits viral integrate enzyme
Effects of genetic mutation of CCR5 cell receptor - ANSWER: Some people of
European descent carry the CCR5 delta32 mutation. The mutation makes a person
functionally resistant to the HIV virus, and might be a cure for those individuals
Describe the difference between HIV and AIDS, and clinical implications -
ANSWER: CD4 count >200 is HIV, If the CD4 count drops below 200 and an
AIDS defining illness occurs then the patient is said to have AIDS. Once they have
progressed, they will always have AIDS, even if CD4 count goes up.
AIDS defining illnesses: PCP, toxoplasmosis, progressive multi focal
leukoencephalopathy, disseminated MAC, Kaposki's sarcoma, lymphoma, TB,
SPECIALISTS EXAM
, SPECIALISTS EXAM
esophageal or tracheal candida infection, invasive cervical cancer, CMV infection,
and histoplasmosis
What are CM that indicate a compromised immune system in a person with HIV -
ANSWER: Thrush, cervical dysphasia, cervical carcinoma in situ, fever of 38.5
(101.3) or greater X 1 month, oral hairy leukoplakia, herpes zoster, immune
thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP), PID, peripheral neuropathy, vaginal yeast
infections, Kaposi sarcoma, presence of any opportunistic infections.
Should be treated with prophylactic antibiotics
HIV EIA - ANSWER: 3rd generation immunoassay, can use urine, saliva, or
serum (best), >99% accuracy
test at 12 weeks post-exposure
4th generation immunoassay - ANSWER: "gold standard"
can test 10 days post exposure
can result negative, positive with HIV antibody, or positive without HIV antibody
PCP- pneumocystitis jiroveci pneumonia - ANSWER: fungus
butterfly infiltrates on CXR
CM- worsening dyspnea, fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, poor appetite
Tx- Bactrim
MAC- mycobacterium avium complex - ANSWER: AFB- leads to systemic
infection, grows slow- thick cell wall hard to penetrate
CM- fever, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss, lymphadenopathy
Tx- clarithromycin and ethambutol for 6-12 months
SPECIALISTS EXAM
, SPECIALISTS EXAM
CMV- cytomegalovirus - ANSWER: herpes virus
greatest risk for CD4 <50 (ensure eye exams)
CM- fever, myalgia, cervical lymphadenopathy, mild hepatitis, retinal detachment,
vision loss, blindness
Tx- resistant to medications, no prevention
how is coagulation cascade altered by warfarin - ANSWER: blocks Proteins S and
C
blocks Vit K enzyme to prevent carboxylation, decreasing amount of functional K
to be used in Vit K dependent coagulation factors
how does low molecular weight heparin affect coagulation cascade - ANSWER:
inhibits factor Xa and prevents formation of prothrombinase complex and
consequently thrombin
how do direct thrombin inhibitors alter coagulation cascade - ANSWER: prevent
activation of fibrinogen and XIII
give CM and an example of coagulopathy hemorrhage - ANSWER: CM- joint
bleeding, tissue hematomas, large spontaneous central ecchymosis, delayed
bleeding after surgery, trauma or injury
DIC
SPECIALISTS EXAM
