MICROBIOLOGY ACTUAL FINAL EXAMS 1-4
ALL COMBINED PRACTISE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
100% PASS
Glycocalyx - ANSWER - External to the cell wall
- Viscous and gelantinous
- Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptide
- Two Types:
- Capsule: very well organized and firm, also prevent phagocytosis
- Slime Layer: loose and not organized at all
Helps form biofilms
Flagella - ANSWER - Appendages external of the cell
- Propel the bacteria
- Made of 3 parts:
- Filament: outermost region
- Hook: attaches to the filament
- Basal Body: consist of rod and pairs of rings, anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane
- Gram Positive: 2 rings
- Gram negative: 4 rings
- How they change directions:
- Clockwise: Tumble
,- Counter Clockwise: Run
Cilia - ANSWER -Very different from flagella
-It is just used for minor motility not near the movement that flagella produces
Cytoplasm - ANSWER -"Guts" of the cell
- 80% of water makes up the entirety of the cytoplasm as well as some proteins, carbohydrates
lipids, and other things
Nucleoid - ANSWER - no nuclear membrane
- usually single (haploid)
- usually circular
- double stranded DNA
divided by binary fission
Plasmids - ANSWER - extrachromosomal genetic elements (will never find in the nucleus)
- carry non-crucial genes
- can be used for transfer of anti-microbial resistance
reduce toxins
Ribosomes - ANSWER - Site of protein synthesis
- 70S in prokaryotes
- 80S in eukarayotes
- main production is protein synthesis
- Eukaryotes: 80S total—Large = 60S Small- 40S, membrane- bound: attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
Prokaryotes: 70S total: Large= 50S small- 30S, in chloroplasts and mitochondria
,Cell Wall - ANSWER -Polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows
-NAG and NAM
-Rows are linked by polypeptides
-Functions:
1.Shape the cell
2. Protect the cell from osmotic lysis
Plasma Membrane - ANSWER - Phospholipid bilayer (can be destroyed through alcohol or
soap)
- Peripheral proteins
- Integral proteins
- Transmembrane proteins
- Selectively permeable (most important feature; also why it is gram positive)
- Contain enzymes that are needed to ATP production
Some membranes have phtoosymthetic pigments (chromatophrnes) on folding
Endospores - ANSWER - Spore Formations= sporulation
- The most resistant forms of life
- Can resist almost everything
- They can deterime if something is sterile because the Autoclave is something that can kill them
and they are still present than the item is not sterile
Most pathogenic types of microorganisms have endospores in them
Peritrichous - ANSWER
Monotrichous - ANSWER
, Lophotrichous - ANSWER
Amphitrichous - ANSWER
Cytoplasm ( definition) - ANSWER substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus
cytosol - ANSWER fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton - ANSWER made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments
give shape and support
cytoplasmic streaming - ANSWER movement of the cytoplasm throughout the cell
gram positive cell walls - ANSWER - 2 rings in basal body of flagella
- produce exotoxins
- high susceptibility to penicillin
- Thick peptidoglycan
- Teichoic acids
Gram Negative Cell Wall - ANSWER - 4 rings in basal body of flagella
- produce endotoxins and exotoxins
- low susceptibility to penicillin
- Thin peptidoglycan
- Outer membrane
ALL COMBINED PRACTISE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
100% PASS
Glycocalyx - ANSWER - External to the cell wall
- Viscous and gelantinous
- Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptide
- Two Types:
- Capsule: very well organized and firm, also prevent phagocytosis
- Slime Layer: loose and not organized at all
Helps form biofilms
Flagella - ANSWER - Appendages external of the cell
- Propel the bacteria
- Made of 3 parts:
- Filament: outermost region
- Hook: attaches to the filament
- Basal Body: consist of rod and pairs of rings, anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane
- Gram Positive: 2 rings
- Gram negative: 4 rings
- How they change directions:
- Clockwise: Tumble
,- Counter Clockwise: Run
Cilia - ANSWER -Very different from flagella
-It is just used for minor motility not near the movement that flagella produces
Cytoplasm - ANSWER -"Guts" of the cell
- 80% of water makes up the entirety of the cytoplasm as well as some proteins, carbohydrates
lipids, and other things
Nucleoid - ANSWER - no nuclear membrane
- usually single (haploid)
- usually circular
- double stranded DNA
divided by binary fission
Plasmids - ANSWER - extrachromosomal genetic elements (will never find in the nucleus)
- carry non-crucial genes
- can be used for transfer of anti-microbial resistance
reduce toxins
Ribosomes - ANSWER - Site of protein synthesis
- 70S in prokaryotes
- 80S in eukarayotes
- main production is protein synthesis
- Eukaryotes: 80S total—Large = 60S Small- 40S, membrane- bound: attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
Prokaryotes: 70S total: Large= 50S small- 30S, in chloroplasts and mitochondria
,Cell Wall - ANSWER -Polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows
-NAG and NAM
-Rows are linked by polypeptides
-Functions:
1.Shape the cell
2. Protect the cell from osmotic lysis
Plasma Membrane - ANSWER - Phospholipid bilayer (can be destroyed through alcohol or
soap)
- Peripheral proteins
- Integral proteins
- Transmembrane proteins
- Selectively permeable (most important feature; also why it is gram positive)
- Contain enzymes that are needed to ATP production
Some membranes have phtoosymthetic pigments (chromatophrnes) on folding
Endospores - ANSWER - Spore Formations= sporulation
- The most resistant forms of life
- Can resist almost everything
- They can deterime if something is sterile because the Autoclave is something that can kill them
and they are still present than the item is not sterile
Most pathogenic types of microorganisms have endospores in them
Peritrichous - ANSWER
Monotrichous - ANSWER
, Lophotrichous - ANSWER
Amphitrichous - ANSWER
Cytoplasm ( definition) - ANSWER substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus
cytosol - ANSWER fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton - ANSWER made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments
give shape and support
cytoplasmic streaming - ANSWER movement of the cytoplasm throughout the cell
gram positive cell walls - ANSWER - 2 rings in basal body of flagella
- produce exotoxins
- high susceptibility to penicillin
- Thick peptidoglycan
- Teichoic acids
Gram Negative Cell Wall - ANSWER - 4 rings in basal body of flagella
- produce endotoxins and exotoxins
- low susceptibility to penicillin
- Thin peptidoglycan
- Outer membrane
