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N580 Week 1 Lecture Notes Questions
and Correct Answers/ Latest Update /
Already Graded
Extracellular fluid is comprised of
Ans: Interstitial Fluids
-intravascular fluid
-lymph, synovial, intestinal, CSF, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal,
pericardial, and intraocular fluids
gram positive vs gram negative bacteria
Ans: Gram-positive: have simple cell walls with a thick layer of
peptidoglycan.
Gram-negative: more complex cell walls, less peptidoglycan, which is
located between 2 membranes. More resistant to antibiotics.
endotoxin vs. exotoxin
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Ans: Endotoxin: has pyrogenic effects and contains lipolysaccharides in
the cell walls
Exotoxin: enzymes released during growth which cause specific resonses;
immunogenic due to antitoxin production
Causes of respiratory acidosis
Ans: -Hypoventilation due to cardiac or pulmonary problems
-CNS Depression
Causes of metabolic acidosis
Ans: Diabetic ketoacidosis, renal/liver failure, hyperemia/shock
Alterations in HC03 are an indication of _______ whereas alterations
in PO2/PCO2 are _____
Ans: a metabolic problem; respiratory
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Causes of respiratory alkalosis
Ans: hyperventilation due to pain or anxiety
-high fever, trauma respirations become rapid and light-headless may
result
-
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
Ans: excessive vomiting, gastric suctioning, hypokalemia( low potassium)
What is considered a normal pC02 level
Ans: 35-45
What is considered a normal range of HC03
Ans: 22-26
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Describe how homeostasis returns to normal when there is an
increased level of Na in the ECF
Ans: High levels of ECF Na--> osmoreceptors stimulated--> increased ADH
released and there is an increased thirst--> decreased urinary water loss-->
increased water gain--> additional water dilutes the ECF, volume
increased--> homeostasis returns
Describe how homeostasis returns to normal when there is an
decreased level of Na in the ECF
Ans: Low levels of ECF Na--> osmoreceptors are inhibited--> decreased
ADH released and decreased thirst--> decreased water gain and
increased urinary water loss--> water loss concentrates the ECF, volume
reduced--> homeostasis returns
Anoxia vs. Ischemia
N580 Week 1 Lecture Notes Questions
and Correct Answers/ Latest Update /
Already Graded
Extracellular fluid is comprised of
Ans: Interstitial Fluids
-intravascular fluid
-lymph, synovial, intestinal, CSF, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal,
pericardial, and intraocular fluids
gram positive vs gram negative bacteria
Ans: Gram-positive: have simple cell walls with a thick layer of
peptidoglycan.
Gram-negative: more complex cell walls, less peptidoglycan, which is
located between 2 membranes. More resistant to antibiotics.
endotoxin vs. exotoxin
,2 | Page
Ans: Endotoxin: has pyrogenic effects and contains lipolysaccharides in
the cell walls
Exotoxin: enzymes released during growth which cause specific resonses;
immunogenic due to antitoxin production
Causes of respiratory acidosis
Ans: -Hypoventilation due to cardiac or pulmonary problems
-CNS Depression
Causes of metabolic acidosis
Ans: Diabetic ketoacidosis, renal/liver failure, hyperemia/shock
Alterations in HC03 are an indication of _______ whereas alterations
in PO2/PCO2 are _____
Ans: a metabolic problem; respiratory
,3 | Page
Causes of respiratory alkalosis
Ans: hyperventilation due to pain or anxiety
-high fever, trauma respirations become rapid and light-headless may
result
-
Causes of metabolic alkalosis
Ans: excessive vomiting, gastric suctioning, hypokalemia( low potassium)
What is considered a normal pC02 level
Ans: 35-45
What is considered a normal range of HC03
Ans: 22-26
, 4 | Page
Describe how homeostasis returns to normal when there is an
increased level of Na in the ECF
Ans: High levels of ECF Na--> osmoreceptors stimulated--> increased ADH
released and there is an increased thirst--> decreased urinary water loss-->
increased water gain--> additional water dilutes the ECF, volume
increased--> homeostasis returns
Describe how homeostasis returns to normal when there is an
decreased level of Na in the ECF
Ans: Low levels of ECF Na--> osmoreceptors are inhibited--> decreased
ADH released and decreased thirst--> decreased water gain and
increased urinary water loss--> water loss concentrates the ECF, volume
reduced--> homeostasis returns
Anoxia vs. Ischemia
