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NUR 641E MIDTERM STUDYGUIDE EXAM WITH
CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST ALREADY GRADED
A+
Prodrug - (answer)An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active
metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - (answer)the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - (answer)stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half
lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from
system
Pharmacokinetics - (answer)The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
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-what the body does to the drug
First pass - (answer)the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the
liver before entering other organs
does not - (answer)bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - (answer)relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically
equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - (answer)-chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - (answer)-enzymes that function to metabolize potentially
toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such
as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are
inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for
enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
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cytochrome p450 inducer - (answer)An inducer increases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - (answer)An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - (answer)prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active
metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - (answer)how often a drug is administered
4-5 - (answer)steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - (answer)-Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - (answer)warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - (answer)-rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III
and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
NUR 641E MIDTERM STUDYGUIDE EXAM WITH
CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY
WELL DEFINED ANSWERS LATEST ALREADY GRADED
A+
Prodrug - (answer)An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active
metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - (answer)the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - (answer)stable level of drug in the body, occurs in 5 half
lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated from
system
Pharmacokinetics - (answer)The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
,2|Page
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - (answer)the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes through the
liver before entering other organs
does not - (answer)bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - (answer)relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically
equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - (answer)-chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
Cytochrome P450 - (answer)-enzymes that function to metabolize potentially
toxic compounds, including drugs and products of endogenous metabolism such
as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that are
inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is competition for
enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
, 3|Page
cytochrome p450 inducer - (answer)An inducer increases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the substrate
cytochrome p450 inhibitor - (answer)An inhibitor decreases the metabolism of a
substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the substrate.
Clopidogrel - (answer)prodrug that must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active
metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
half-life (determines) - (answer)how often a drug is administered
4-5 - (answer)steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - (answer)-Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
-takes several days to take effect
-monitor INR
Vitamin K - (answer)warfarin antidote
Heparin (MOA) - (answer)-rapid anticoagulation by binding with antithrombin III
and inhibits factors IXa, Xa, XIIa, and XIII
