BIO 669 Fluid and electrolyte
balance/acid base balance Northern
Kentucky University Exam Questions
and Answers
Increases in total body potassium are ____________ - ANSWER-rare
what are common causes of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-increased intake of
potassium
a shift of potassium from cells to the ECF
decreased renal excretion
ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and aldosterone antagonists can
cause a decrease in the renal excretion of _____________ leading to
_____________ - ANSWER-potassium; hyperkalemia
______________ promotes cellular entry of potassium - ANSWER-insulin
in diabetic ketoacidosis there is a ___________ of insulin which causes
______________ - ANSWER-decrease; hyperkalemia
what are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-increased
neuromuscular irritability (restlessness, intestinal cramping, diarrhea)
muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone
narrow and tall T waves with a shortened QT interval
delayed cardiac conduction
renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison's disease, metabolic
acidosis are all causes for____________ - ANSWER-hyperkalemia
The natriuretic peptide system manages ______________ by getting rid of
_______________ - ANSWER-sodium; sodium
Hypernatremia can because by? - ANSWER-dehydration
increased sodium intake
fluid shifts
what is intracellular dehydration and what can it lead to? - ANSWER-water
movement from the ICF to the ECF; hypernatremia
what are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? - ANSWER-thirst
weight gain
increased blood pressure
bounding pulse
, CNS manifestations of hypernatremia are? - ANSWER-muscle twitching
hyperreflexia
confusion
coma
convulsions
cerebral hemorrhage
___________________ occurs with hypernatremia or a bicarbonate deficit -
ANSWER-hyperchloremia
what are common causes for hyponatremia? - ANSWER-pure sodium loss
low sodium intake
dilution hyponatremia
cerebral edema and increased ICP can result from_________________ - ANSWER-
hyponatremia ***LIFE THREATENING
what are symptoms of hyponatremia? - ANSWER-lethargy
confusion
decreased reflexes
seizures
coma
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIDAH) is usually caused by a
___________________ - ANSWER-tumor
in states of hyponatremia or elevated bicarbonate levels (often seen in metabolic
alkalosis) you would expect to also see__________ - ANSWER-hypochloremia
potassium is the major ____________________ cation - ANSWER-intracellular
Potassium concentrations are maintained by the ______________________ -
ANSWER-sodium potassium pump
changes in pH affect _______________ balance - ANSWER-potassium
during acidosis hydrogen ions accumulate in the _______________ - ANSWER-ICF
when hydrogen accumulates in the ICF _____________ shifts out of the cell
resulting in __________________ - ANSWER-hyperkalemia
__________________, ____________________, and ________________ influence
potassium levels - ANSWER-aldosterone
insulin
epinephrine
Calcium and phosphate concentrations are controlled by
_______________________ - ANSWER-parathyroid hormone
vitamin D
balance/acid base balance Northern
Kentucky University Exam Questions
and Answers
Increases in total body potassium are ____________ - ANSWER-rare
what are common causes of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-increased intake of
potassium
a shift of potassium from cells to the ECF
decreased renal excretion
ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and aldosterone antagonists can
cause a decrease in the renal excretion of _____________ leading to
_____________ - ANSWER-potassium; hyperkalemia
______________ promotes cellular entry of potassium - ANSWER-insulin
in diabetic ketoacidosis there is a ___________ of insulin which causes
______________ - ANSWER-decrease; hyperkalemia
what are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER-increased
neuromuscular irritability (restlessness, intestinal cramping, diarrhea)
muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone
narrow and tall T waves with a shortened QT interval
delayed cardiac conduction
renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison's disease, metabolic
acidosis are all causes for____________ - ANSWER-hyperkalemia
The natriuretic peptide system manages ______________ by getting rid of
_______________ - ANSWER-sodium; sodium
Hypernatremia can because by? - ANSWER-dehydration
increased sodium intake
fluid shifts
what is intracellular dehydration and what can it lead to? - ANSWER-water
movement from the ICF to the ECF; hypernatremia
what are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? - ANSWER-thirst
weight gain
increased blood pressure
bounding pulse
, CNS manifestations of hypernatremia are? - ANSWER-muscle twitching
hyperreflexia
confusion
coma
convulsions
cerebral hemorrhage
___________________ occurs with hypernatremia or a bicarbonate deficit -
ANSWER-hyperchloremia
what are common causes for hyponatremia? - ANSWER-pure sodium loss
low sodium intake
dilution hyponatremia
cerebral edema and increased ICP can result from_________________ - ANSWER-
hyponatremia ***LIFE THREATENING
what are symptoms of hyponatremia? - ANSWER-lethargy
confusion
decreased reflexes
seizures
coma
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIDAH) is usually caused by a
___________________ - ANSWER-tumor
in states of hyponatremia or elevated bicarbonate levels (often seen in metabolic
alkalosis) you would expect to also see__________ - ANSWER-hypochloremia
potassium is the major ____________________ cation - ANSWER-intracellular
Potassium concentrations are maintained by the ______________________ -
ANSWER-sodium potassium pump
changes in pH affect _______________ balance - ANSWER-potassium
during acidosis hydrogen ions accumulate in the _______________ - ANSWER-ICF
when hydrogen accumulates in the ICF _____________ shifts out of the cell
resulting in __________________ - ANSWER-hyperkalemia
__________________, ____________________, and ________________ influence
potassium levels - ANSWER-aldosterone
insulin
epinephrine
Calcium and phosphate concentrations are controlled by
_______________________ - ANSWER-parathyroid hormone
vitamin D
