,Table of Content
l l
Chapterl01:lCellularlBiology ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Chapterl02:lGeneslandlGeneticlDiseases ..................................................................................................................... 13
Chapterl03:lEpigeneticslandlDisease ........................................................................................................................... 23
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapterl04:lAlteredlCellularlandlTissuelBiology ......................................................................................................... 27
Huetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thlEdition ............................................................................ 39
Chapterl06:lInnatelImmunity:lInflammationlandlWoundlHealinglHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolog
y,l6thlEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 48
Chapterl07:lAdaptivelImmunity.................................................................................................................................. 60
Chapterl08:lInfectionlandlDefectslinlMechanismsloflDefenselHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapterl09:lStresslandlDisease .................................................................................................................................... 76
Chapterl10:lBiology,lClinicallManifestations,landlTreatmentloflCancerlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophy
siology,l6thlEdition..................................................................................................................................................... 81
Chapterl11:lCancerlEpidemiology .............................................................................................................................. 87
Chapterl12:lCancerlinlChildren ................................................................................................................................... 91
Chapterl13:lStructurelandlFunctionlofltheNeurologiclSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Chapterl14:lPain,lTemperature,lSleep,landlSensorylFunctionlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Chapterl15:lAlterationslinlCognitivelSystems,lCerebrallHemodynamics,landlMotorlFunction .................................. 116
Chapterl16:lDisorderslofltheCentrallandlPeripherallNervouslSystemslandltheNeuromuscularlJunction ..................... 126
Chapterl17:lAlterationsloflNeurologiclFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thl
Edition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 138
Chapterl18:lMechanismsloflHormonallRegulation .................................................................................................... 147
Chapterl19:lAlterationsloflHormonallRegulation ...................................................................................................... 156
Chapterl20:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelHematologiclSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l
6thlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................ 169
Chapterl21:lAlterationsloflHematologiclFunction ..................................................................................................... 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapterl22:lAlterationsloflHematologiclFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................... 192
Chapterl23:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelCardiovascularlandlLymphaticlSystemslHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandingl
Pathophysiology,l6thlEdition ................................................................................................................................... 200
Chapterl24:lAlterationsloflCardiovascularlFunction.................................................................................................. 210
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapterl25:lAlterationsloflCardiovascularlFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l
6thlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................ 229
SlNlTlll O ......................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapterl26:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelPulmonarylSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................... 236
Chapterl27:lAlterationsloflPulmonarylFunction ........................................................................................................ 245
, Chapterl28:lAlterationsloflPulmonarylFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thl
Edition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 257
Chapterl29:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelRenallandlUrologiclSystemslHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysi
ology,l6thlEdition ..................................................................................................................................................... 265
Chapterl30:lAlterationsloflRenallandlUrinarylTractlFunctionlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................... 273
Chapterl31:lAlterationsloflRenallandlUrinarylTractlFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophy
siology,l6thlEdition................................................................................................................................................... 280
Chapterl32:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelReproductivelSystemslHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolog
y,l6thlEdition ............................................................................................................................................................ 286
Chapterl33:lAlterationsloflthelFemalelReproductivelSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thl
Edition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 295
Chapterl34:lAlterationsloflthelMalelReproductivelSystem ......................................................................................... 300
Chapterl35:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelDigestivelSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thl
Edition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 305
Chapterl36:lAlterationsloflDigestivelFunction........................................................................................................... 312
Chapterl37:lAlterationsloflDigestivelFunctionlinlChildren......................................................................................... 325
Chapterl38:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelMusculoskeletallSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolo
gy,l6thlEdition .......................................................................................................................................................... 334
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapterl39:lAlterationsloflMusculoskeletallFunction ................................................................................................ 342
Chapterl40:lAlterationsloflMusculoskeletallFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolog
y,l6thlEdition ............................................................................................................................................................ 352
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapterl41:lStructure,lFunction,landlDisordersloflthelIntegumentlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolog
y,l6thlEdition ............................................................................................................................................................ 357
Chapterl42:lAlterationsloflthelIntegumentlinlChildren ............................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
l l l
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
l l l l l l
MULTIPLElCHOICE
1. Alstudentlislobservinglalcelllunderlthelmicroscope.lItlislobservedltolhavelsupercoiledlDNAlwithl
histones.lWhichloflthelfollowinglwouldlalsolbelobservedlbylthelstudent?
a. Alsinglelcircularlchromosome
b. Alnucleus
c. Free-floatinglnuclearlmaterial
d. Nolorganelles
ANS:l B
Thelcellldescribedlislaleukaryoticlcell,lsolitlhaslhistoneslandlalsupercoiledlDNAlwithinlitslnucle
us;lthus,lthelnucleuslshouldlbelobserved.lAlsinglelcircularlchromosomelcalledlalprokaryotelco
ntainslfree-floatinglnuclearlmateriallbutlhaslnolorganelles.
REF:lp.l2
2. Alnurselislinstructinglthelstafflaboutlcellularlfunctions.lWhichlcellularlfunctionlislthelnurseldescr
ibinglwhenlanlisolatedlcelllabsorbsloxygenlandluseslitltoltransformlnutrientsltolenergy?
a. Metaboliclabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:lD
Thelcell’slabilityltolabsorbloxygenlislreferredltolaslrespirationlwhilelitslcommunicationlabilitylinvo
lveslmaintenanceloflalsteadyldynamiclstate,lmetaboliclabsorptionlprovideslnutrition,landlsecretionl
allowslforlthelsynthesizingloflnewlsubstances.
REF:lp.l2
3. AleukaryoticlcelllislundergoinglDNAlreplication.lInlwhichlregionloflthelcelllwouldlmostloflthelg
eneticlinformationlbelcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleuslCytoplasm
ANS:lC
Thelregionloflthelcelllthatlcontainslgeneticlmaterial,lincludinglallargelamountloflribonucleiclacid,
lmostloflthelDNA,landlDNA-
bindinglproteins,lislthelnucleolus,lwhichlisllocatedlwithinlthelcell’slnucleus.lMitochondrialislass
ociatedlwithlcellularlrespiration,lwhilelribosomeslarelinvolvedlwithlproteinlmanufacturing.lCyt
oplasmlislalfluidlfillinglthatlislalcomponentloflthelcell.
REF:lp.l2
l l
Chapterl01:lCellularlBiology ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Chapterl02:lGeneslandlGeneticlDiseases ..................................................................................................................... 13
Chapterl03:lEpigeneticslandlDisease ........................................................................................................................... 23
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapterl04:lAlteredlCellularlandlTissuelBiology ......................................................................................................... 27
Huetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thlEdition ............................................................................ 39
Chapterl06:lInnatelImmunity:lInflammationlandlWoundlHealinglHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolog
y,l6thlEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 48
Chapterl07:lAdaptivelImmunity.................................................................................................................................. 60
Chapterl08:lInfectionlandlDefectslinlMechanismsloflDefenselHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapterl09:lStresslandlDisease .................................................................................................................................... 76
Chapterl10:lBiology,lClinicallManifestations,landlTreatmentloflCancerlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophy
siology,l6thlEdition..................................................................................................................................................... 81
Chapterl11:lCancerlEpidemiology .............................................................................................................................. 87
Chapterl12:lCancerlinlChildren ................................................................................................................................... 91
Chapterl13:lStructurelandlFunctionlofltheNeurologiclSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Chapterl14:lPain,lTemperature,lSleep,landlSensorylFunctionlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Chapterl15:lAlterationslinlCognitivelSystems,lCerebrallHemodynamics,landlMotorlFunction .................................. 116
Chapterl16:lDisorderslofltheCentrallandlPeripherallNervouslSystemslandltheNeuromuscularlJunction ..................... 126
Chapterl17:lAlterationsloflNeurologiclFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thl
Edition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 138
Chapterl18:lMechanismsloflHormonallRegulation .................................................................................................... 147
Chapterl19:lAlterationsloflHormonallRegulation ...................................................................................................... 156
Chapterl20:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelHematologiclSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l
6thlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................ 169
Chapterl21:lAlterationsloflHematologiclFunction ..................................................................................................... 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapterl22:lAlterationsloflHematologiclFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................... 192
Chapterl23:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelCardiovascularlandlLymphaticlSystemslHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandingl
Pathophysiology,l6thlEdition ................................................................................................................................... 200
Chapterl24:lAlterationsloflCardiovascularlFunction.................................................................................................. 210
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapterl25:lAlterationsloflCardiovascularlFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l
6thlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................ 229
SlNlTlll O ......................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapterl26:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelPulmonarylSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................... 236
Chapterl27:lAlterationsloflPulmonarylFunction ........................................................................................................ 245
, Chapterl28:lAlterationsloflPulmonarylFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thl
Edition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 257
Chapterl29:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelRenallandlUrologiclSystemslHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysi
ology,l6thlEdition ..................................................................................................................................................... 265
Chapterl30:lAlterationsloflRenallandlUrinarylTractlFunctionlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6t
hlEdition ................................................................................................................................................................... 273
Chapterl31:lAlterationsloflRenallandlUrinarylTractlFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophy
siology,l6thlEdition................................................................................................................................................... 280
Chapterl32:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelReproductivelSystemslHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolog
y,l6thlEdition ............................................................................................................................................................ 286
Chapterl33:lAlterationsloflthelFemalelReproductivelSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thl
Edition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 295
Chapterl34:lAlterationsloflthelMalelReproductivelSystem ......................................................................................... 300
Chapterl35:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelDigestivelSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiology,l6thl
Edition ..................................................................................................................................................................... 305
Chapterl36:lAlterationsloflDigestivelFunction........................................................................................................... 312
Chapterl37:lAlterationsloflDigestivelFunctionlinlChildren......................................................................................... 325
Chapterl38:lStructurelandlFunctionloflthelMusculoskeletallSystemlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolo
gy,l6thlEdition .......................................................................................................................................................... 334
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapterl39:lAlterationsloflMusculoskeletallFunction ................................................................................................ 342
Chapterl40:lAlterationsloflMusculoskeletallFunctionlinlChildrenlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolog
y,l6thlEdition ............................................................................................................................................................ 352
UlSNlT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapterl41:lStructure,lFunction,landlDisordersloflthelIntegumentlHuetherl&lMcCance:lUnderstandinglPathophysiolog
y,l6thlEdition ............................................................................................................................................................ 357
Chapterl42:lAlterationsloflthelIntegumentlinlChildren ............................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
l l l
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
l l l l l l
MULTIPLElCHOICE
1. Alstudentlislobservinglalcelllunderlthelmicroscope.lItlislobservedltolhavelsupercoiledlDNAlwithl
histones.lWhichloflthelfollowinglwouldlalsolbelobservedlbylthelstudent?
a. Alsinglelcircularlchromosome
b. Alnucleus
c. Free-floatinglnuclearlmaterial
d. Nolorganelles
ANS:l B
Thelcellldescribedlislaleukaryoticlcell,lsolitlhaslhistoneslandlalsupercoiledlDNAlwithinlitslnucle
us;lthus,lthelnucleuslshouldlbelobserved.lAlsinglelcircularlchromosomelcalledlalprokaryotelco
ntainslfree-floatinglnuclearlmateriallbutlhaslnolorganelles.
REF:lp.l2
2. Alnurselislinstructinglthelstafflaboutlcellularlfunctions.lWhichlcellularlfunctionlislthelnurseldescr
ibinglwhenlanlisolatedlcelllabsorbsloxygenlandluseslitltoltransformlnutrientsltolenergy?
a. Metaboliclabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:lD
Thelcell’slabilityltolabsorbloxygenlislreferredltolaslrespirationlwhilelitslcommunicationlabilitylinvo
lveslmaintenanceloflalsteadyldynamiclstate,lmetaboliclabsorptionlprovideslnutrition,landlsecretionl
allowslforlthelsynthesizingloflnewlsubstances.
REF:lp.l2
3. AleukaryoticlcelllislundergoinglDNAlreplication.lInlwhichlregionloflthelcelllwouldlmostloflthelg
eneticlinformationlbelcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleuslCytoplasm
ANS:lC
Thelregionloflthelcelllthatlcontainslgeneticlmaterial,lincludinglallargelamountloflribonucleiclacid,
lmostloflthelDNA,landlDNA-
bindinglproteins,lislthelnucleolus,lwhichlisllocatedlwithinlthelcell’slnucleus.lMitochondrialislass
ociatedlwithlcellularlrespiration,lwhilelribosomeslarelinvolvedlwithlproteinlmanufacturing.lCyt
oplasmlislalfluidlfillinglthatlislalcomponentloflthelcell.
REF:lp.l2
