NUR 342 FINAL QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS.

NUR 342 FINAL QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS.



Sections of a research article - ANSWER: Abstract, introduction/background, methods,
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results (statistical analysis), discussion (interpretation of results, and conclusion)
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Systematic reviews on the evidence hiearchy - ANSWER: - Highest level of evidence
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- Integrates research evidence from multiple studies
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Purpose of systematic reviews - ANSWER: - Inform EBP
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- Summarize the current state of research
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- Avoid making conclusions based on single studies
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- Reproducible and verifiable
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- Rigorous protocol development with explicit rules for data collection
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- Data sources usually primary studies
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Systemic review - ANSWER: Broad "umbrella" term for reviews
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- Integration of studies (qualitative or qualitative)
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- Cochrane reviews are most in depth
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Meta-analysis - ANSWER: - Review of quantitative studies nn nn nn nn nn nn nn



- Statistical analysis to determine EFFECT SIZE/INTERVENTION EFFECTS
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Metasynthesis - ANSWER: - Review of qualitative studies nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn



- Focus on ABSTRACT EXPERIENCE
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- E.g. death of a loved one
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Qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) - ANSWER: - Review of qualitative studies with
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a focus on INTERVENTIONS
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- E.g. Pt. acceptance, implementation process, barriers to implementation
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Mixed studies review - ANSWER: Review of mixed methods studies (qualitative and
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qualitative)
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Steps in a systemic review - ANSWER: - Clearly define research question
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- Define clear criteria to specify which studies they will include and exclude
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(documented in protocol)
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, - Series of decisions about what type of information to extract from studies, whether to
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include grey literature, broad/narrow focus)
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- Evaluate the quality of studies by using various tools (bias assessment, quality
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assessment scales and checklists)
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Approaches to evaluate study quality - ANSWER: - Quality assessment scales,
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checklists, tools to 'judge' the quality of studies reviewed
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- Help guide decision-making for the review
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- Evaluate quality of evidence, use quality assessment scales and checklists, or tools
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to assess risk of bias (random sampling, assignment, incomplete data, blinding,
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selective reporting, etc.)
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Effect size in meta-analysis - ANSWER: - When examining studies with interventions,
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we want to know whether the intervention significantly affected the outcome and how
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big this effect was
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- Effect size is a statistical way to tell us how big the intervention effect is
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- Cohen's d is one method of calculated effect size- determine the difference in the
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outcome measure between 2 groups (magnitude of the effect of the intervention)
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Difference between effect size and p-value - ANSWER: - P-value tells us whether the
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finding were significant, but not how big the effect is (magnitude)
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- Often depicted in Forest plots
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Reporting guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis - ANSWER: PRISMA-
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preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis; used in RCTs
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MOOSE- meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology- used for
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observational studies
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Is IRB approval required for systematic reviews? - ANSWER: No. Systematic reviews
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often use publicly available material/resources and do not collect identifiable
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information from research subjects.
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Potential ethical issues in systematic reviews - ANSWER: - Using studies with ethical
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problems
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- Informed consent for original study does not apply
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- Participants do not know of data use
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- Prone to conflicts of interest (subjectivity in selecting studies and interpretation of
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results)
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Ways to minimize ethical issues - ANSWER: - Cost-benefit analysis for stakeholders
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- Declare conflicts of interest and funding sources
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- Impact of publication bias on the systematic review
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- Evaluate quality of studies in review
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Use of theories in research - ANSWER: - Help EXPLAIN phenomena
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