NUR 342 MSU FINAL EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS.
Systematic Reviews - ANSWER: Integrates/combines evidence from multiple studies.
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Highest level of evidence on hierarchy.
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What is the purpose of conducting systematic reviews? - ANSWER: Inform EBP.
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Summarize state of the science on a topic. nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Avoid making conclusions based on single studies.
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What are the types of systematic reviews? - ANSWER: Meta-analysis
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Metasynthesis
Qualitative evidence synthesis nn nn
Mixed studies reviews
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Cochrane reviews nn
Meta-Analysis - ANSWER: Review of quantitative studies using statistical analyses;
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determines effect size across studies and determines intervention effects.
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Metasynthesis - ANSWER: Review of qualitative studies; focused on abstract
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experiences.
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Qualitative Evidence Synthesis - ANSWER: Review of qualitative studies with focus
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on interventions.
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Mixed Studies Reviews - ANSWER: Review of mixed methods studies.
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Cochrane Reviews - ANSWER: Organization that specializes in in-depth reviews.
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What are the researcher's roles in systematic reviews? - ANSWER: Must clearly
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define their research question.
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Define clear criteria to specify which studies they will include and exclude from the
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review.
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Make a series of decisions (such as what type of info to extract from the studies).
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Evaluate the quality of the studies by using various tools (bias assessment or quality
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assessment scales and checklists).
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,Approaches to evaluate study quality: - ANSWER: Researchers use quality
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assessment scales, checklists, tools to 'judge' the quality of studies that are being
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reviewed.
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These assessments help guide decision-making for the review.
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Effect Size - ANSWER: A statistical way to tell us how big the intervention is.
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p-values - ANSWER: Tells us whether a finding is significant, but does not tell the
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magnitude.
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Comparison of studies' effect sizes are often depicted in: - ANSWER: Forest plots
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Cohen's d - ANSWER: Method of calculating effect size.
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Calculates the magnitude of the effect between the groups.
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Helps determine the difference in the outcome measure between 2 groups.
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What are 2 examples of reporting guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-
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analysis? - ANSWER: PRISM (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews &
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Meta-analyses)
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- Used for randomized controlled trials.
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MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology)
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- Used for observational studies.
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Potential ethical issues in systematic reviews: - ANSWER: Systematic reviews may
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have studies with ethical problems (which is why it is important to assess the quality
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of the studies).
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Informed consent for original study usually does not apply to the systematic review.
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Participants from original studies did not know about potential use of data in
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systematic review.
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Systematic reviews may be prone to conflicts of interest.
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Possible ways to minimize ethical issues in systematic reviews: - ANSWER: Conduct
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cost-benefit analysis to evaluate potential benefits and risks to stakeholders.
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Declare conflicts of interest and funding sources.
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Consider impact of publication bias on the systematic review.
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Evaluate the quality of the studies in the review.
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Prognosis - ANSWER: The risk of future health outcomes in people with a given
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disease or health condition.
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Overall Prognosis - ANSWER: Evaluates the course of health-related conditions over
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time among a specific sub-group of the population based on clinical or social context.
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Purpose is to provide info to inform shared decision making, inform public policy,
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determine the scope of a condition, determine the risks/benefits of clinical
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interventions, and to determine feasibility of a clinical prediction model.
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, Prognostic Factor Studies - ANSWER: A non-experimental study that purposed to
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identify characteristics that are associated with the occurrence of certain outcomes
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for individuals of a particular cohort.
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Identifies high-risk patient characteristics (age) to stratify (group) individuals who may
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need additional treatment.
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Relative Risk - ANSWER: The ratio of the risks for an event for the exposure group to
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the risks for the non-exposure group; a comparison of outcomes between those with
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and without an exposure.
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Researchers often report relative risks. nn nn nn nn nn
Ex: heart failure vs. heart failure
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Absolute Risk - ANSWER: The actual probability of an outcome occurring in a specific
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group.
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Patients prefer to know about absolute risk.
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Ex: critical care patients
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Surrogate Outcomes - ANSWER: Using an alternative (or substitute) outcome
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measure rather than looking at direct results to measure an outcome.
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Ex: invasive procedures (finger poke vs. blood draw); timely (liver biopsy vs. lab
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testing); costly (MRI vs. x-ray); availability of data (diagnostic codes vs. chief
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complaint)
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Composite Outcomes - ANSWER: A combination of more than one outcome.
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Ex: stroke or heart attack; dementia or Alzheimer's dementia
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Prognostic Model Studies - ANSWER: Purposed to create statistical model (prediction
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model) that can predict health outcomes.
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Used to predict health outcomes, how people respond to treatment, and risk for
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developing a disease.
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Mixed Methods - ANSWER: Collection, analysis, and integration of both quantitative
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and qualitative data.
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Research in which the investigator collects and analyzes data, integrates the findings,
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and draws inferences using both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
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Advantages of conducting mixed methods: - ANSWER: Complementary: quantitative
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and qualitative approaches can be complementary.
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Practicality: practical to use different methods to address complex problems.
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Validity: increases validity of a study.
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QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS.
Systematic Reviews - ANSWER: Integrates/combines evidence from multiple studies.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Highest level of evidence on hierarchy.
nn nn nn nn nn
What is the purpose of conducting systematic reviews? - ANSWER: Inform EBP.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Summarize state of the science on a topic. nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Avoid making conclusions based on single studies.
nn nn nn nn nn nn
What are the types of systematic reviews? - ANSWER: Meta-analysis
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Metasynthesis
Qualitative evidence synthesis nn nn
Mixed studies reviews
nn nn
Cochrane reviews nn
Meta-Analysis - ANSWER: Review of quantitative studies using statistical analyses;
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
determines effect size across studies and determines intervention effects.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Metasynthesis - ANSWER: Review of qualitative studies; focused on abstract
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
experiences.
nn
Qualitative Evidence Synthesis - ANSWER: Review of qualitative studies with focus
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
on interventions.
nn nn
Mixed Studies Reviews - ANSWER: Review of mixed methods studies.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Cochrane Reviews - ANSWER: Organization that specializes in in-depth reviews.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
What are the researcher's roles in systematic reviews? - ANSWER: Must clearly
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
define their research question.
nn nn nn nn nn
Define clear criteria to specify which studies they will include and exclude from the
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
review.
nn nn
Make a series of decisions (such as what type of info to extract from the studies).
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Evaluate the quality of the studies by using various tools (bias assessment or quality
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
assessment scales and checklists).
nn nn nn nn
,Approaches to evaluate study quality: - ANSWER: Researchers use quality
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
assessment scales, checklists, tools to 'judge' the quality of studies that are being
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
reviewed.
nn
These assessments help guide decision-making for the review.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Effect Size - ANSWER: A statistical way to tell us how big the intervention is.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
p-values - ANSWER: Tells us whether a finding is significant, but does not tell the
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
magnitude.
nn
Comparison of studies' effect sizes are often depicted in: - ANSWER: Forest plots
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Cohen's d - ANSWER: Method of calculating effect size.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Calculates the magnitude of the effect between the groups.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Helps determine the difference in the outcome measure between 2 groups.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
What are 2 examples of reporting guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
analysis? - ANSWER: PRISM (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews &
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Meta-analyses)
nn nn
- Used for randomized controlled trials.
nn nn nn nn nn nn
MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology)
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
- Used for observational studies.
nn nn nn nn
Potential ethical issues in systematic reviews: - ANSWER: Systematic reviews may
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
have studies with ethical problems (which is why it is important to assess the quality
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
of the studies).
nn nn nn
Informed consent for original study usually does not apply to the systematic review.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Participants from original studies did not know about potential use of data in
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
systematic review.
nn nn
Systematic reviews may be prone to conflicts of interest.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Possible ways to minimize ethical issues in systematic reviews: - ANSWER: Conduct
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
cost-benefit analysis to evaluate potential benefits and risks to stakeholders.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Declare conflicts of interest and funding sources.
nn nn nn nn nn nn
Consider impact of publication bias on the systematic review.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Evaluate the quality of the studies in the review.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Prognosis - ANSWER: The risk of future health outcomes in people with a given
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
disease or health condition.
nn nn nn nn
Overall Prognosis - ANSWER: Evaluates the course of health-related conditions over
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
time among a specific sub-group of the population based on clinical or social context.
nn
nn
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Purpose is to provide info to inform shared decision making, inform public policy,
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
determine the scope of a condition, determine the risks/benefits of clinical
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
interventions, and to determine feasibility of a clinical prediction model.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
, Prognostic Factor Studies - ANSWER: A non-experimental study that purposed to
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
identify characteristics that are associated with the occurrence of certain outcomes
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
for individuals of a particular cohort.
nn nn nn nn nn nn
Identifies high-risk patient characteristics (age) to stratify (group) individuals who may
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
need additional treatment.
nn nn nn
Relative Risk - ANSWER: The ratio of the risks for an event for the exposure group to
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
the risks for the non-exposure group; a comparison of outcomes between those with
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
and without an exposure.
nn nn nn nn nn
Researchers often report relative risks. nn nn nn nn nn
Ex: heart failure vs. heart failure
nn nn nn nn nn
Absolute Risk - ANSWER: The actual probability of an outcome occurring in a specific
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
group.
nn nn
Patients prefer to know about absolute risk.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Ex: critical care patients
nn nn nn
Surrogate Outcomes - ANSWER: Using an alternative (or substitute) outcome
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
measure rather than looking at direct results to measure an outcome.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Ex: invasive procedures (finger poke vs. blood draw); timely (liver biopsy vs. lab
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
testing); costly (MRI vs. x-ray); availability of data (diagnostic codes vs. chief
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
complaint)
nn
Composite Outcomes - ANSWER: A combination of more than one outcome.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Ex: stroke or heart attack; dementia or Alzheimer's dementia
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Prognostic Model Studies - ANSWER: Purposed to create statistical model (prediction
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
model) that can predict health outcomes.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Used to predict health outcomes, how people respond to treatment, and risk for
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
developing a disease.
nn nn nn
Mixed Methods - ANSWER: Collection, analysis, and integration of both quantitative
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
and qualitative data.
nn nn nn nn
Research in which the investigator collects and analyzes data, integrates the findings,
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
and draws inferences using both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Advantages of conducting mixed methods: - ANSWER: Complementary: quantitative
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
and qualitative approaches can be complementary.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Practicality: practical to use different methods to address complex problems.
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
Validity: increases validity of a study.
nn nn nn nn nn
