Final review
STREETS
Oncology
Carcinogens
- Carcinogen Exposure: most common risk factor for cancer
o Internal or external exposure
o Lead to DNA destruction, cellular mutations
- Types of Carcinogens
o Radiation
o Benzene
o HPV
o Sun exposure
o Tobacco
o Environmental
o Hormonal
o Infectious diseases
o Medications
o Immune status
o Nutritional status: Being overweight! Estrogen is stores in fat cells so overweight people are more
susceptible
- Think about their jobs and what they do (directly sun or in chemical plants)
- Estrogen is what the cancers what to eat! Cells want estrogen and that’s what attacked.
Risk Factors
- Modifiable
o Smoking, tobacco use
o UV exposure
o Sedentary lifestyle
o Infections
o Diets: red meats
o Sexual Lifestyle, oral too!!
- Non-modifiable
o Age
o Gender
o Race
o Genetics
o Immunosuppression
Warning Sings
- CAUTION Symptoms
o Change in bowel or bladder habits
o A sore that does not heal
o Unusual bleeding or discharge
o Thickening or lump in the breast elsewhere
o Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o Obvious changes in a wart or mole
o Nagging cough or hoarseness (thyroid, throat, or lung cancer)
Levels of prevention
- Primary:
o look at risk factors such as family history of cancer
o prevention risk factor modification
o avoiding carcinogens
o immunizations: some cancers can be from exposed to a virus such as HPV like cervical cancer
- Secondary:
o Screenings
Mammogram: 40 and done every year until 55
Colonoscopy: 45 and done every 10 years
PSA: 50+
- Tertiary:
o Treatment
o Reducing morbidity and mortality once the disease is diagnosed
, Staging
- Stage 1: cancer cells are in the original spot
- Stage 2: Lighting that has been broken in a pathway to spread throughout the body is being made
- Stage 3: a mass in the lungs and lymph nodes surrounding the lung
- Stage 4: seeing that it has completely moved from primary site
Chemo man:
Effects of chemotherapy on lab values
- Neutropenia: WBC decrease unless infection occurs, then it increases
- Anemia: low red blood cells and H/H
- Thrombocytopenia: low platelet count (normal is 150,000 – 450,000
- Pancytopenia: All lab values are low!!!
- H/H and RBC all decrease
- Nadir is when a patient is most susceptible to infection and bleeding. 1 week after chemo
- Bone marrow suppression
Safety related to radiation (brachytatrapy)
- Use tongs
- Lead lined room and constrainer
- Cluster care
Oncological emergencies
- Spinal cord compression:
o Numbness in legs
o Bladder spasms
- TLS (tumor lysis syndrome)
o Spilling out of all electrolytes
o Back/ flank pain
Renal and Urinary
Polycystic Kidney disease
- Symptoms:
o Flank pain
o ABD fullness
o Hematuria
o Hypertension
- How it is managed
o Antihypertensives
o Pain management
o Most end up on dialysis
Nephritic syndrome
STREETS
Oncology
Carcinogens
- Carcinogen Exposure: most common risk factor for cancer
o Internal or external exposure
o Lead to DNA destruction, cellular mutations
- Types of Carcinogens
o Radiation
o Benzene
o HPV
o Sun exposure
o Tobacco
o Environmental
o Hormonal
o Infectious diseases
o Medications
o Immune status
o Nutritional status: Being overweight! Estrogen is stores in fat cells so overweight people are more
susceptible
- Think about their jobs and what they do (directly sun or in chemical plants)
- Estrogen is what the cancers what to eat! Cells want estrogen and that’s what attacked.
Risk Factors
- Modifiable
o Smoking, tobacco use
o UV exposure
o Sedentary lifestyle
o Infections
o Diets: red meats
o Sexual Lifestyle, oral too!!
- Non-modifiable
o Age
o Gender
o Race
o Genetics
o Immunosuppression
Warning Sings
- CAUTION Symptoms
o Change in bowel or bladder habits
o A sore that does not heal
o Unusual bleeding or discharge
o Thickening or lump in the breast elsewhere
o Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o Obvious changes in a wart or mole
o Nagging cough or hoarseness (thyroid, throat, or lung cancer)
Levels of prevention
- Primary:
o look at risk factors such as family history of cancer
o prevention risk factor modification
o avoiding carcinogens
o immunizations: some cancers can be from exposed to a virus such as HPV like cervical cancer
- Secondary:
o Screenings
Mammogram: 40 and done every year until 55
Colonoscopy: 45 and done every 10 years
PSA: 50+
- Tertiary:
o Treatment
o Reducing morbidity and mortality once the disease is diagnosed
, Staging
- Stage 1: cancer cells are in the original spot
- Stage 2: Lighting that has been broken in a pathway to spread throughout the body is being made
- Stage 3: a mass in the lungs and lymph nodes surrounding the lung
- Stage 4: seeing that it has completely moved from primary site
Chemo man:
Effects of chemotherapy on lab values
- Neutropenia: WBC decrease unless infection occurs, then it increases
- Anemia: low red blood cells and H/H
- Thrombocytopenia: low platelet count (normal is 150,000 – 450,000
- Pancytopenia: All lab values are low!!!
- H/H and RBC all decrease
- Nadir is when a patient is most susceptible to infection and bleeding. 1 week after chemo
- Bone marrow suppression
Safety related to radiation (brachytatrapy)
- Use tongs
- Lead lined room and constrainer
- Cluster care
Oncological emergencies
- Spinal cord compression:
o Numbness in legs
o Bladder spasms
- TLS (tumor lysis syndrome)
o Spilling out of all electrolytes
o Back/ flank pain
Renal and Urinary
Polycystic Kidney disease
- Symptoms:
o Flank pain
o ABD fullness
o Hematuria
o Hypertension
- How it is managed
o Antihypertensives
o Pain management
o Most end up on dialysis
Nephritic syndrome
