EDF 6222 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔errors, frequency - ✔✔Although the process of learning may appear to be trial and
error, we must be careful not to assume that non-responses are __. Skinner further
ridiculed the term "learning", as it is still an unobservable, incorrect account of what has
occurred. Instead, Skinner said, "(when) we make a given consequence contingent
upon certain physical properties of behavior", the __ of that behavior will increase
(p.64).
✔✔response - ✔✔Because we cannot predict a __ that has already occurred, we posit
that similar responses in the future will occur. Hence, operant response class was born.
✔✔extinction, sooner - ✔✔Resistance to __ cannot be determined without an accurate
account of the reinforcement history. So, responses that were not reinforced for very
long will be extinguished __ than those with a longer history of reinforcement.
✔✔functional relationship - ✔✔We can define purpose behaviorally by suggesting that
there is a __ between the behavior and the environment and the consequences can
chain together in numerous ways indefinitely. Purpose, is not a mental phenomenon
that influences future behavior.
✔✔effective, increases - ✔✔Lattal reminded us that " __ reinforcers" is redundant. The
very nature of the definition is that if it __ behavior, it is therefore a reinforcer. An
"ineffective" reinforcer does not exist.
✔✔repertoire, socially appropriate, spontaneously - ✔✔Various verbal communities will
influence the __ of the speaker. This is not only how we acquire different languages and
various dialects, but also what is __. Although the verbal repertoire is shaped by the
audience, once established, verbal behavior can occur __ without any environmental
support.
✔✔communication, vocal - ✔✔Often in the field of behavior analysis, practitioners will
call a client "nonverbal". To indicate this would eradicate the possibility of any mode of
communication, including gestures, signs, picture exchange communication, etc. __
should be defined by whether or not the behavior of the speaker is reinforced by the
listener. A child can ask for "cookie" by vocalizing, signing, gesturing, grabbing, etc.
What practitioners usually mean when they say "non-verbal" is "non- __ ", meaning
spoken language is not used to communicate.
✔✔responses, listener - ✔✔Meanings of words are actually contingencies that have
been shaped by the listener and their __ . The repertoires between the speaker and the
listener are different unlike psychological views of "meaning" in which we "impart" our
knowledge to the __
, ✔✔behavior analysis - ✔✔Something peculiar occurs when we record or write our
language - the entire __ is unavailable. Examining written sentences and linguistic
limericks are irrelevant, because they are not reflective of a relevant analysis
✔✔stimulus control - ✔✔More complex language (sentences, etc.) can simply be
explained by __ , as opposed to referent. Referents often mean that every term must
have an entity to which it corresponds (Moore, p. 35). This is problematic, as it
unleashes a plethora of [mentalistic] explanations. Again, sticking with parsimony, we
see that the stimuli in the environment fashion under which circumstances particular
verbal behavior will occur.
✔✔Ogden Lindsley - ✔✔__ created precision teaching that adhered to BF Skinner's
rate of response and cumulative response recording to measure behavior.
✔✔universal datum, dimension - ✔✔Lindsley reviewed the impression that the rate of
response (or - more simply and allowable - frequency) had on him, indicating that it was
"much more than Skinner's __ " it was actually "a __ of behavior" (p.254).
✔✔10, 100 - ✔✔Lindsley (see also Johnston & Pennypacker, 1980) stressed that
frequency data was __ to __ times more sensitive to programming changes than
percentage correct.
✔✔curricula, science, logarithmic - ✔✔Precision teaching is a method that adjusts the
__ for each learner to maximize learning based on their own celeration chart. Lindsley
aimed to put "__ in the hands of students and teachers" and created the standard
celeration chart, a __ chart that visually aligns learner goals and progress with fluency
(Binder, 1989, p.12).
✔✔reinforcing, knowledge - ✔✔"A well-designed lesson can be highly __ not because
students are getting rewards, but simply because they are frequently able to
demonstrate their __ ".
✔✔behavior, affecting, private - ✔✔"When we say that __ is a function of the
environment, the term "environment" means any event in the universe capable of __ the
organism . . .a small part of this universe is __ (Skinner, 1953, p.257).
✔✔private, accessibility - ✔✔Skinner asserted that __ events only differ from overt
events based on their __ . They are not special in structure or nature.
✔✔verbal responses - ✔✔Private events do come with skepticism - as they should. We
mistrust __ to private events because we cannot always establish their truth.
✔✔interoceptive, proprioceptive, exteroceptive - ✔✔Skinner mentions three different
kinds of internal stimuli. __ which are stimuli related to the digestive, respiratory, and
circulatory systems. This would include a racing heart or a growling stomach. -__
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔errors, frequency - ✔✔Although the process of learning may appear to be trial and
error, we must be careful not to assume that non-responses are __. Skinner further
ridiculed the term "learning", as it is still an unobservable, incorrect account of what has
occurred. Instead, Skinner said, "(when) we make a given consequence contingent
upon certain physical properties of behavior", the __ of that behavior will increase
(p.64).
✔✔response - ✔✔Because we cannot predict a __ that has already occurred, we posit
that similar responses in the future will occur. Hence, operant response class was born.
✔✔extinction, sooner - ✔✔Resistance to __ cannot be determined without an accurate
account of the reinforcement history. So, responses that were not reinforced for very
long will be extinguished __ than those with a longer history of reinforcement.
✔✔functional relationship - ✔✔We can define purpose behaviorally by suggesting that
there is a __ between the behavior and the environment and the consequences can
chain together in numerous ways indefinitely. Purpose, is not a mental phenomenon
that influences future behavior.
✔✔effective, increases - ✔✔Lattal reminded us that " __ reinforcers" is redundant. The
very nature of the definition is that if it __ behavior, it is therefore a reinforcer. An
"ineffective" reinforcer does not exist.
✔✔repertoire, socially appropriate, spontaneously - ✔✔Various verbal communities will
influence the __ of the speaker. This is not only how we acquire different languages and
various dialects, but also what is __. Although the verbal repertoire is shaped by the
audience, once established, verbal behavior can occur __ without any environmental
support.
✔✔communication, vocal - ✔✔Often in the field of behavior analysis, practitioners will
call a client "nonverbal". To indicate this would eradicate the possibility of any mode of
communication, including gestures, signs, picture exchange communication, etc. __
should be defined by whether or not the behavior of the speaker is reinforced by the
listener. A child can ask for "cookie" by vocalizing, signing, gesturing, grabbing, etc.
What practitioners usually mean when they say "non-verbal" is "non- __ ", meaning
spoken language is not used to communicate.
✔✔responses, listener - ✔✔Meanings of words are actually contingencies that have
been shaped by the listener and their __ . The repertoires between the speaker and the
listener are different unlike psychological views of "meaning" in which we "impart" our
knowledge to the __
, ✔✔behavior analysis - ✔✔Something peculiar occurs when we record or write our
language - the entire __ is unavailable. Examining written sentences and linguistic
limericks are irrelevant, because they are not reflective of a relevant analysis
✔✔stimulus control - ✔✔More complex language (sentences, etc.) can simply be
explained by __ , as opposed to referent. Referents often mean that every term must
have an entity to which it corresponds (Moore, p. 35). This is problematic, as it
unleashes a plethora of [mentalistic] explanations. Again, sticking with parsimony, we
see that the stimuli in the environment fashion under which circumstances particular
verbal behavior will occur.
✔✔Ogden Lindsley - ✔✔__ created precision teaching that adhered to BF Skinner's
rate of response and cumulative response recording to measure behavior.
✔✔universal datum, dimension - ✔✔Lindsley reviewed the impression that the rate of
response (or - more simply and allowable - frequency) had on him, indicating that it was
"much more than Skinner's __ " it was actually "a __ of behavior" (p.254).
✔✔10, 100 - ✔✔Lindsley (see also Johnston & Pennypacker, 1980) stressed that
frequency data was __ to __ times more sensitive to programming changes than
percentage correct.
✔✔curricula, science, logarithmic - ✔✔Precision teaching is a method that adjusts the
__ for each learner to maximize learning based on their own celeration chart. Lindsley
aimed to put "__ in the hands of students and teachers" and created the standard
celeration chart, a __ chart that visually aligns learner goals and progress with fluency
(Binder, 1989, p.12).
✔✔reinforcing, knowledge - ✔✔"A well-designed lesson can be highly __ not because
students are getting rewards, but simply because they are frequently able to
demonstrate their __ ".
✔✔behavior, affecting, private - ✔✔"When we say that __ is a function of the
environment, the term "environment" means any event in the universe capable of __ the
organism . . .a small part of this universe is __ (Skinner, 1953, p.257).
✔✔private, accessibility - ✔✔Skinner asserted that __ events only differ from overt
events based on their __ . They are not special in structure or nature.
✔✔verbal responses - ✔✔Private events do come with skepticism - as they should. We
mistrust __ to private events because we cannot always establish their truth.
✔✔interoceptive, proprioceptive, exteroceptive - ✔✔Skinner mentions three different
kinds of internal stimuli. __ which are stimuli related to the digestive, respiratory, and
circulatory systems. This would include a racing heart or a growling stomach. -__
