EDF 6222 MIDTERM TEST 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Although the process of learning may appear to be trial and error, we must be
careful not to assume that non-responses are __. Skinner further ridiculed the term
"learning", as it is still an unobservable, incorrect account of what has occurred. Instead,
Skinner said, "(when) we make a given consequence contingent upon certain physical
properties of behavior", the __ of that behavior will increase (p.64). - ✔✔errors,
frequency
✔✔Because we cannot predict a __ that has already occurred, we posit that similar
responses in the future will occur. Hence, operant response class was born. -
✔✔response
✔✔Resistance to __ cannot be determined without an accurate account of the
reinforcement history. So, responses that were not reinforced for very long will be
extinguished __ than those with a longer history of reinforcement. - ✔✔extinction,
sooner
✔✔We can define purpose behaviorally by suggesting that there is a __ between the
behavior and the environment and the consequences can chain together in numerous
ways indefinitely. Purpose, is not a mental phenomenon that influences future behavior.
- ✔✔functional relationship
✔✔Lattal reminded us that " __ reinforcers" is redundant. The very nature of the
definition is that if it __ behavior, it is therefore a reinforcer. An "ineffective" reinforcer
does not exist. - ✔✔effective, increases
✔✔Various verbal communities will influence the __ of the speaker. This is not only how
we acquire different languages and various dialects, but also what is __. Although the
verbal repertoire is shaped by the audience, once established, verbal behavior can
occur __ without any environmental support. - ✔✔repertoire, socially appropriate,
spontaneously
✔✔Often in the field of behavior analysis, practitioners will call a client "nonverbal". To
indicate this would eradicate the possibility of any mode of communication, including
gestures, signs, picture exchange communication, etc. __ should be defined by whether
or not the behavior of the speaker is reinforced by the listener. A child can ask for
"cookie" by vocalizing, signing, gesturing, grabbing, etc. What practitioners usually
mean when they say "non-verbal" is "non- __ ", meaning spoken language is not used
to communicate. - ✔✔communication, vocal
✔✔Meanings of words are actually contingencies that have been shaped by the listener
and their __ . The repertoires between the speaker and the listener are different unlike
, psychological views of "meaning" in which we "impart" our knowledge to the __ -
✔✔responses, listener
✔✔Something peculiar occurs when we record or write our language - the entire __ is
unavailable. Examining written sentences and linguistic limericks are irrelevant,
because they are not reflective of a relevant analysis - ✔✔behavior analysis
✔✔More complex language (sentences, etc.) can simply be explained by __ , as
opposed to referent. Referents often mean that every term must have an entity to which
it corresponds (Moore, p. 35). This is problematic, as it unleashes a plethora of
[mentalistic] explanations. Again, sticking with parsimony, we see that the stimuli in the
environment fashion under which circumstances particular verbal behavior will occur. -
✔✔stimulus control
✔✔__ created precision teaching that adhered to BF Skinner's rate of response and
cumulative response recording to measure behavior. - ✔✔Ogden Lindsley
✔✔Lindsley reviewed the impression that the rate of response (or - more simply and
allowable - frequency) had on him, indicating that it was "much more than Skinner's __ "
it was actually "a __ of behavior" (p.254). - ✔✔universal datum, dimension
✔✔Lindsley (see also Johnston & Pennypacker, 1980) stressed that frequency data
was __ to __ times more sensitive to programming changes than percentage correct. -
✔✔10, 100
✔✔Precision teaching is a method that adjusts the __ for each learner to maximize
learning based on their own celeration chart. Lindsley aimed to put "__ in the hands of
students and teachers" and created the standard celeration chart, a __ chart that
visually aligns learner goals and progress with fluency (Binder, 1989, p.12). -
✔✔curricula, science, logarithmic
✔✔"A well-designed lesson can be highly __ not because students are getting rewards,
but simply because they are frequently able to demonstrate their __ ". - ✔✔reinforcing,
knowledge
✔✔"When we say that __ is a function of the environment, the term "environment"
means any event in the universe capable of __ the organism . . .a small part of this
universe is __ (Skinner, 1953, p.257). - ✔✔behavior, affecting, private
✔✔Skinner asserted that __ events only differ from overt events based on their __ .
They are not special in structure or nature. - ✔✔private, accessibility
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Although the process of learning may appear to be trial and error, we must be
careful not to assume that non-responses are __. Skinner further ridiculed the term
"learning", as it is still an unobservable, incorrect account of what has occurred. Instead,
Skinner said, "(when) we make a given consequence contingent upon certain physical
properties of behavior", the __ of that behavior will increase (p.64). - ✔✔errors,
frequency
✔✔Because we cannot predict a __ that has already occurred, we posit that similar
responses in the future will occur. Hence, operant response class was born. -
✔✔response
✔✔Resistance to __ cannot be determined without an accurate account of the
reinforcement history. So, responses that were not reinforced for very long will be
extinguished __ than those with a longer history of reinforcement. - ✔✔extinction,
sooner
✔✔We can define purpose behaviorally by suggesting that there is a __ between the
behavior and the environment and the consequences can chain together in numerous
ways indefinitely. Purpose, is not a mental phenomenon that influences future behavior.
- ✔✔functional relationship
✔✔Lattal reminded us that " __ reinforcers" is redundant. The very nature of the
definition is that if it __ behavior, it is therefore a reinforcer. An "ineffective" reinforcer
does not exist. - ✔✔effective, increases
✔✔Various verbal communities will influence the __ of the speaker. This is not only how
we acquire different languages and various dialects, but also what is __. Although the
verbal repertoire is shaped by the audience, once established, verbal behavior can
occur __ without any environmental support. - ✔✔repertoire, socially appropriate,
spontaneously
✔✔Often in the field of behavior analysis, practitioners will call a client "nonverbal". To
indicate this would eradicate the possibility of any mode of communication, including
gestures, signs, picture exchange communication, etc. __ should be defined by whether
or not the behavior of the speaker is reinforced by the listener. A child can ask for
"cookie" by vocalizing, signing, gesturing, grabbing, etc. What practitioners usually
mean when they say "non-verbal" is "non- __ ", meaning spoken language is not used
to communicate. - ✔✔communication, vocal
✔✔Meanings of words are actually contingencies that have been shaped by the listener
and their __ . The repertoires between the speaker and the listener are different unlike
, psychological views of "meaning" in which we "impart" our knowledge to the __ -
✔✔responses, listener
✔✔Something peculiar occurs when we record or write our language - the entire __ is
unavailable. Examining written sentences and linguistic limericks are irrelevant,
because they are not reflective of a relevant analysis - ✔✔behavior analysis
✔✔More complex language (sentences, etc.) can simply be explained by __ , as
opposed to referent. Referents often mean that every term must have an entity to which
it corresponds (Moore, p. 35). This is problematic, as it unleashes a plethora of
[mentalistic] explanations. Again, sticking with parsimony, we see that the stimuli in the
environment fashion under which circumstances particular verbal behavior will occur. -
✔✔stimulus control
✔✔__ created precision teaching that adhered to BF Skinner's rate of response and
cumulative response recording to measure behavior. - ✔✔Ogden Lindsley
✔✔Lindsley reviewed the impression that the rate of response (or - more simply and
allowable - frequency) had on him, indicating that it was "much more than Skinner's __ "
it was actually "a __ of behavior" (p.254). - ✔✔universal datum, dimension
✔✔Lindsley (see also Johnston & Pennypacker, 1980) stressed that frequency data
was __ to __ times more sensitive to programming changes than percentage correct. -
✔✔10, 100
✔✔Precision teaching is a method that adjusts the __ for each learner to maximize
learning based on their own celeration chart. Lindsley aimed to put "__ in the hands of
students and teachers" and created the standard celeration chart, a __ chart that
visually aligns learner goals and progress with fluency (Binder, 1989, p.12). -
✔✔curricula, science, logarithmic
✔✔"A well-designed lesson can be highly __ not because students are getting rewards,
but simply because they are frequently able to demonstrate their __ ". - ✔✔reinforcing,
knowledge
✔✔"When we say that __ is a function of the environment, the term "environment"
means any event in the universe capable of __ the organism . . .a small part of this
universe is __ (Skinner, 1953, p.257). - ✔✔behavior, affecting, private
✔✔Skinner asserted that __ events only differ from overt events based on their __ .
They are not special in structure or nature. - ✔✔private, accessibility
