mmmm
PHYSIOLOGY 1.1
CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY
ENRICO PAOLO BANZUELA,
MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP
SEPTEMBER 4, 2023 LE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY IV. COMPONENTS OF THE CELL ● Describe the components of the cell with their corresponding
A. Regulation of Body Functions A. Nucleus
B. Feedback Mechanisms B. Nucleolus
functions
II. COMPOSITION OF THE DIFFERENT C. Cytoplasm → nucleus
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS D. Cellular Organelles
→ endoplasmic reticulum
A. Body Fluid Compartments V. SAMPLE QUESTIONS
III. CELL MEMBRANE → ribosomes
A. The Cell → mitochondria
B. Protoplasm
C. Classification of Cells → cytoskeleton
D. Cell Membrane
I. HOMEOSTASIS
LEGEND ● “Steady State Balance”
→ Refers to the maintenance of nearly constant conditions
IMPORTANT LECTURE BOOK PREVIOUS TRANS in the internal environment.
■ The goal of all physiologic processes
The body is trying to maintain certain physiologic values at a
constant level that is compatible with life.
REFERENCES
e.g. If there are any changes in the environment, the body will
1. Cell and Molecular Physiology – Enrico Paolo Banzuela (Asynch) respond in such a way that it will return back to normal that
values that were changed
2. Physiology 7th Edition by Berne and Levy
■ Variables are physiologically controlled
3. Physiology 14th Edition by Guyton and Hall
ABBREVIATIONS
CNS Central Nervous System
ER Endoplasmic reticulum
FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone
LH Luteinizing Hormone
ECF Extracellular Fluid
ICF Intracellular Fluid
IF Interstitial Fluid
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid
RBS Random Blood Sugar
Figure X. Homeostasis Regulation[Handout]
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the learning session, the Future Bedan MD must be The body tries to maintain certain physiologic values at a
able to: constant level compatible with life.
● Define homeostasis If there is any change in the environment/variables, it will be
● Differentiate the control mechanisms of body functions detected via receptors and that will be transmitted into a
→ nervous control center, either nervous system or endocrine system.
→ hormonal control The control system will send out an output that will cause the
● Describe the composition of the different body fluid effector to create changes that will bring the physiologic values
compartments back to normal.
● Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes
mmm
PHY | CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY| Abad, Azores, Basa, Bausa, Cabusas, Catalan, Cortez 1 of #
, PHY | CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY | -
Enrico Paolo Banzuela, MD
PHYSIOLOGICALLY CONTROLLED VARIABLES
Table 1. Controlled Variables and their Set Point Value
Controlled Variable Typical Set Point Value
Arterial O2 Partial Pressure 100 mm Hg
Arterial CO2 Partial Pressure 40 mm Hg
Arterial Blood pH 7.4
Glucose 80-100 mg/dL
Core Body Temperature 37 Degree Celsius
Figure 1. Nervous System vs. Endocrine System[Handout]
+
Serum Na 140 mM/L
A. REGULATION OF BODY FUNCTIONS
Serum K+ 4nM/L
● Nervous Systems
→ Input (Sensory)
Serum Ca2+ 2.5 mM/L
◼ Ex. changes in the environment: light
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure 100 mm Hg → Integrative (CNS) - brain & spinal cord
→ Output (Motor)
Glomerular Filtration Rate 125 ml/min ◼ response by the peripheral nervous system ultimately
acting on effector cells: skeletal, smooth, or cardiac
muscles
● ArterialBlood pH: Normal Range: 7.35 - 7.45 → Autonomic
● Glucose: ◼ subconscious
→ Post-prandial: 140-150 mg/dL
→ Hypoglycemia: 60 mg/dL
→ Lose consciousness: 20 mg/dL
→ Diabetes: Persistently high glucose (RBS: 200
mg/dL)
II. CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
● Thousands of control systems, at different levels
→ Cellular
→ Organ
Figure 2. Nervous System[Handout]
→ Organ system
● Nervous system (electricity)
● Hormone Systems
→ Regulates muscular and secretory activities of the body
→ Endocrine glands
● Endocrine system (hormones)
◼ secrete hormones which are chemical messengers
→ Regulates metabolic activities of the body
released into the blood and act on distant sites
Hormones are the closest thing we have to magic; minute
amount of hormones can lead to such large effects
◼ Chemical messengers released into the blood and act on
distant sites
mmmununumum
PHY | TITLE OF THE TOPIC | Members Last Name ONLY 2 of 12
PHYSIOLOGY 1.1
CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY
ENRICO PAOLO BANZUELA,
MD, MSEd, MHPEd, FPSP
SEPTEMBER 4, 2023 LE 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY IV. COMPONENTS OF THE CELL ● Describe the components of the cell with their corresponding
A. Regulation of Body Functions A. Nucleus
B. Feedback Mechanisms B. Nucleolus
functions
II. COMPOSITION OF THE DIFFERENT C. Cytoplasm → nucleus
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS D. Cellular Organelles
→ endoplasmic reticulum
A. Body Fluid Compartments V. SAMPLE QUESTIONS
III. CELL MEMBRANE → ribosomes
A. The Cell → mitochondria
B. Protoplasm
C. Classification of Cells → cytoskeleton
D. Cell Membrane
I. HOMEOSTASIS
LEGEND ● “Steady State Balance”
→ Refers to the maintenance of nearly constant conditions
IMPORTANT LECTURE BOOK PREVIOUS TRANS in the internal environment.
■ The goal of all physiologic processes
The body is trying to maintain certain physiologic values at a
constant level that is compatible with life.
REFERENCES
e.g. If there are any changes in the environment, the body will
1. Cell and Molecular Physiology – Enrico Paolo Banzuela (Asynch) respond in such a way that it will return back to normal that
values that were changed
2. Physiology 7th Edition by Berne and Levy
■ Variables are physiologically controlled
3. Physiology 14th Edition by Guyton and Hall
ABBREVIATIONS
CNS Central Nervous System
ER Endoplasmic reticulum
FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone
LH Luteinizing Hormone
ECF Extracellular Fluid
ICF Intracellular Fluid
IF Interstitial Fluid
CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid
RBS Random Blood Sugar
Figure X. Homeostasis Regulation[Handout]
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the learning session, the Future Bedan MD must be The body tries to maintain certain physiologic values at a
able to: constant level compatible with life.
● Define homeostasis If there is any change in the environment/variables, it will be
● Differentiate the control mechanisms of body functions detected via receptors and that will be transmitted into a
→ nervous control center, either nervous system or endocrine system.
→ hormonal control The control system will send out an output that will cause the
● Describe the composition of the different body fluid effector to create changes that will bring the physiologic values
compartments back to normal.
● Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes
mmm
PHY | CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY| Abad, Azores, Basa, Bausa, Cabusas, Catalan, Cortez 1 of #
, PHY | CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY | -
Enrico Paolo Banzuela, MD
PHYSIOLOGICALLY CONTROLLED VARIABLES
Table 1. Controlled Variables and their Set Point Value
Controlled Variable Typical Set Point Value
Arterial O2 Partial Pressure 100 mm Hg
Arterial CO2 Partial Pressure 40 mm Hg
Arterial Blood pH 7.4
Glucose 80-100 mg/dL
Core Body Temperature 37 Degree Celsius
Figure 1. Nervous System vs. Endocrine System[Handout]
+
Serum Na 140 mM/L
A. REGULATION OF BODY FUNCTIONS
Serum K+ 4nM/L
● Nervous Systems
→ Input (Sensory)
Serum Ca2+ 2.5 mM/L
◼ Ex. changes in the environment: light
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure 100 mm Hg → Integrative (CNS) - brain & spinal cord
→ Output (Motor)
Glomerular Filtration Rate 125 ml/min ◼ response by the peripheral nervous system ultimately
acting on effector cells: skeletal, smooth, or cardiac
muscles
● ArterialBlood pH: Normal Range: 7.35 - 7.45 → Autonomic
● Glucose: ◼ subconscious
→ Post-prandial: 140-150 mg/dL
→ Hypoglycemia: 60 mg/dL
→ Lose consciousness: 20 mg/dL
→ Diabetes: Persistently high glucose (RBS: 200
mg/dL)
II. CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
● Thousands of control systems, at different levels
→ Cellular
→ Organ
Figure 2. Nervous System[Handout]
→ Organ system
● Nervous system (electricity)
● Hormone Systems
→ Regulates muscular and secretory activities of the body
→ Endocrine glands
● Endocrine system (hormones)
◼ secrete hormones which are chemical messengers
→ Regulates metabolic activities of the body
released into the blood and act on distant sites
Hormones are the closest thing we have to magic; minute
amount of hormones can lead to such large effects
◼ Chemical messengers released into the blood and act on
distant sites
mmmununumum
PHY | TITLE OF THE TOPIC | Members Last Name ONLY 2 of 12
