NFDN 2006 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔ethical uncertainty - ✔✔feeling of indecision accompanied by sense of discomfort
about a matter
✔✔Quantitative question - ✔✔- something that can be measured
✔✔Qualitative question - ✔✔quality, experiences, how clients perceive things
✔✔Ethics - ✔✔- rules that guide our behaviours concerning what's right and wrong
✔✔Egilatarism - ✔✔equal rights for everybody
- government ensures equal resources
✔✔Liberaltarism - ✔✔- beliefs that people have the right to their own private property
- don't feel the need to share through force (taxes)
✔✔Ethical Issues - ✔✔- conflicts between one or more values
- uncertainty about the right course of action
✔✔Ethical Dilemma - ✔✔- moral problem that has more than one action
- don't have a concrete answer
✔✔Ethical Distress - ✔✔- Knowing the right thing to do but not being able to take the
right action (don't have the resources, etc)
✔✔Ethical Violation - ✔✔Breaching or failing ethical rules
- includes the violator and bystander
✔✔Ethical courage - ✔✔- Stand firm on a moral principle
✔✔Ethical Principles Responsibility to..... - ✔✔- client
- self
- colleagues
- profession
- public
✔✔Autonomy - ✔✔Allow individuals to make decisions for themselves
- right to choose unless it harms another
✔✔Nonmaleficence - ✔✔- Do no harm
✔✔Beneficence - ✔✔- Do good always
, ✔✔Distributive Justice - ✔✔- Fair distribution of health services
✔✔Disease Prevention - ✔✔- prevent the occurrence of disease, detect and stop
disease development in those at risk, reduce negative effects of a disease once present
✔✔Health promotion - ✔✔the process of enabling people to increase control over, and
to improve, their health
✔✔Harm Reduction - ✔✔Strategies to reduce harm to an individual or society by
modifying harmful or hazardous behaviours
- placement of policies and programs
- ex: safe injection sites
- Eventual goal= abstinence
✔✔Lalonde Report (1974) - ✔✔- Introduced the notion of health promotion
- Behavioural approach leading to the view that individuals were responsible for their
own health
✔✔Alma-Ata Declaration, 1978 - ✔✔- Addressed the inequalities of health between
countries
- focus= primary health care
- wanted health for all by year 2000
- socioenviromental approach
✔✔WHO principles of health promotion - ✔✔- Involves the population as a whole
- directed toward action on the determinants of health
- Diverse but complimentary methods
- Aims at effective public participation
- health professionals play an important role in health promotion
✔✔What was the first health promotion approach - ✔✔- Biomedical Approach
✔✔Biomedical Approach - ✔✔- More focus on the individual
medical/pharmaceutical treatment
- prevent disease
✔✔Lalonde first 4 determinants of health - ✔✔- human biology
- lifestyle
- environment
- health care systems
✔✔Ottawa Charter heath promotion strategies - ✔✔Build healthy public policy
- create supportive environments
- strengthen community action
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔ethical uncertainty - ✔✔feeling of indecision accompanied by sense of discomfort
about a matter
✔✔Quantitative question - ✔✔- something that can be measured
✔✔Qualitative question - ✔✔quality, experiences, how clients perceive things
✔✔Ethics - ✔✔- rules that guide our behaviours concerning what's right and wrong
✔✔Egilatarism - ✔✔equal rights for everybody
- government ensures equal resources
✔✔Liberaltarism - ✔✔- beliefs that people have the right to their own private property
- don't feel the need to share through force (taxes)
✔✔Ethical Issues - ✔✔- conflicts between one or more values
- uncertainty about the right course of action
✔✔Ethical Dilemma - ✔✔- moral problem that has more than one action
- don't have a concrete answer
✔✔Ethical Distress - ✔✔- Knowing the right thing to do but not being able to take the
right action (don't have the resources, etc)
✔✔Ethical Violation - ✔✔Breaching or failing ethical rules
- includes the violator and bystander
✔✔Ethical courage - ✔✔- Stand firm on a moral principle
✔✔Ethical Principles Responsibility to..... - ✔✔- client
- self
- colleagues
- profession
- public
✔✔Autonomy - ✔✔Allow individuals to make decisions for themselves
- right to choose unless it harms another
✔✔Nonmaleficence - ✔✔- Do no harm
✔✔Beneficence - ✔✔- Do good always
, ✔✔Distributive Justice - ✔✔- Fair distribution of health services
✔✔Disease Prevention - ✔✔- prevent the occurrence of disease, detect and stop
disease development in those at risk, reduce negative effects of a disease once present
✔✔Health promotion - ✔✔the process of enabling people to increase control over, and
to improve, their health
✔✔Harm Reduction - ✔✔Strategies to reduce harm to an individual or society by
modifying harmful or hazardous behaviours
- placement of policies and programs
- ex: safe injection sites
- Eventual goal= abstinence
✔✔Lalonde Report (1974) - ✔✔- Introduced the notion of health promotion
- Behavioural approach leading to the view that individuals were responsible for their
own health
✔✔Alma-Ata Declaration, 1978 - ✔✔- Addressed the inequalities of health between
countries
- focus= primary health care
- wanted health for all by year 2000
- socioenviromental approach
✔✔WHO principles of health promotion - ✔✔- Involves the population as a whole
- directed toward action on the determinants of health
- Diverse but complimentary methods
- Aims at effective public participation
- health professionals play an important role in health promotion
✔✔What was the first health promotion approach - ✔✔- Biomedical Approach
✔✔Biomedical Approach - ✔✔- More focus on the individual
medical/pharmaceutical treatment
- prevent disease
✔✔Lalonde first 4 determinants of health - ✔✔- human biology
- lifestyle
- environment
- health care systems
✔✔Ottawa Charter heath promotion strategies - ✔✔Build healthy public policy
- create supportive environments
- strengthen community action
