NFDN 2006 TEST EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Population Health Approach Model - ✔✔Focus on health, address the determinants
of health and their interactions, base decisions on evidence, increase upstream
investments, apply multiple interventions and strategies, collaborate across sectors and
levels (intersectoral collab), employ mechanisms for public involvement, demonstrate
accountability for health outcomes.
✔✔Biomedical Approach - ✔✔Introduced in the 18th century with the discovery of
disease pathogens and has continued to develop to present day. It began with a
medical approach focusing on immunization and screening for existing diseases, then
shifted focus on changing individual risk behaviors. Focus' on treatment and prevention
of disease, especially on the biological and physiological risk factors associated with
disease and ill health.
✔✔The Behavioral Approach - ✔✔Was first introduced with the Lalonde Report (1974)
and has been further developed since then. Focus' on using lifestyle changes,
especially behavioral risk factors to promote health.
✔✔Socioenvironmental Approach - ✔✔This approach focus' on health as a resource
and considers the psychosocial and environmental risk factors related to the
determinants of health in relation to health and health promotion.
✔✔6 Features of Culture - ✔✔1) Learned: Based on the events and experiences that
we internalize as we grow and develop from infancy onward. We are not born with
culture.
2) Adaptive: It adjusts to environmental and technological changes that occur over time.
3) Dynamic: It is not static and responds to changes created by new situations and
demands.
4) Invisible: It is something one experiences, apparent through rituals, language,
celebrations, and dress.
5) Shared: Persons from the same culture identify with the same values, beliefs, and
patterns of behavior, yet maintain individuality.
6) Selective: It differentiates between outsiders and insiders through boundaries for
desirable, acceptable, or unacceptable behaviors. It also influences how people view
and respond to situations and issues.
✔✔Cultural Competence - ✔✔An ongoing process of learning about other cultures and
applying that knowledge to help provide better health care.
✔✔Ethnocentrism - ✔✔Belief that ones own cultural values are best or preferred.
✔✔Cultural Blindness - ✔✔Denial of diversity and inability to recognize the uniqueness
of individual patients.
, ✔✔Epidemiology - ✔✔The study of the distribution of factors that determine health-
related states or events in a population, and the use of this information to control health
problems.
✔✔Descriptive Epidemiology - ✔✔Examines health outcomes in terms of what, who,
where, and when. It asks questions such as, "What is this disease? Who is affected?
Where are they? When do these events occur?" Thus, descriptive epidemiology
discusses a disease in terms of person, place, and time.
✔✔Analytical Epidemiology - ✔✔Examines the etiology (origins or causes) of a disease
and associated determinants of health. It asks questions such as "How does the
disease occur? Why are some people affected more than others? Determinants of
health may be individual, relational, social, communal, or environmental.
✔✔Morbidity - ✔✔Refers to the occurrence of disease in a population - for example, the
number of reported cases of coronary artery disease in males between the ages of 40
and 60. Measurements of morbidity include incidence rate and prevalence rate.
✔✔Mortality - ✔✔Death rate within a population.
✔✔Endemic Disease - ✔✔Constantly present in a population.
✔✔Epidemic Disease - ✔✔Disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short
time.
✔✔Pandemic - ✔✔Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very
high proportion of the population.
✔✔Epidemiological Triangle - ✔✔Agent, Host, Environment.
✔✔Web of Causation - ✔✔A casual relationship (one thing or event causing another)
recognizes the complex interrelationships among many factors, sometimes interacting
in subtle ways to increase (or decrease) the risk of disease.
✔✔Validity - ✔✔Refers to whether a measure really measures what we intend it to
measure, and how accurately it does so. The validity of a screening test is measured by
sensitivity and specificity.
✔✔Positive Predictive Value - ✔✔Is the proportion of the persons with a positive screen
test who actually have the disease; it is interpreted as the probability that an individual
with a positive test has the disease.
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Population Health Approach Model - ✔✔Focus on health, address the determinants
of health and their interactions, base decisions on evidence, increase upstream
investments, apply multiple interventions and strategies, collaborate across sectors and
levels (intersectoral collab), employ mechanisms for public involvement, demonstrate
accountability for health outcomes.
✔✔Biomedical Approach - ✔✔Introduced in the 18th century with the discovery of
disease pathogens and has continued to develop to present day. It began with a
medical approach focusing on immunization and screening for existing diseases, then
shifted focus on changing individual risk behaviors. Focus' on treatment and prevention
of disease, especially on the biological and physiological risk factors associated with
disease and ill health.
✔✔The Behavioral Approach - ✔✔Was first introduced with the Lalonde Report (1974)
and has been further developed since then. Focus' on using lifestyle changes,
especially behavioral risk factors to promote health.
✔✔Socioenvironmental Approach - ✔✔This approach focus' on health as a resource
and considers the psychosocial and environmental risk factors related to the
determinants of health in relation to health and health promotion.
✔✔6 Features of Culture - ✔✔1) Learned: Based on the events and experiences that
we internalize as we grow and develop from infancy onward. We are not born with
culture.
2) Adaptive: It adjusts to environmental and technological changes that occur over time.
3) Dynamic: It is not static and responds to changes created by new situations and
demands.
4) Invisible: It is something one experiences, apparent through rituals, language,
celebrations, and dress.
5) Shared: Persons from the same culture identify with the same values, beliefs, and
patterns of behavior, yet maintain individuality.
6) Selective: It differentiates between outsiders and insiders through boundaries for
desirable, acceptable, or unacceptable behaviors. It also influences how people view
and respond to situations and issues.
✔✔Cultural Competence - ✔✔An ongoing process of learning about other cultures and
applying that knowledge to help provide better health care.
✔✔Ethnocentrism - ✔✔Belief that ones own cultural values are best or preferred.
✔✔Cultural Blindness - ✔✔Denial of diversity and inability to recognize the uniqueness
of individual patients.
, ✔✔Epidemiology - ✔✔The study of the distribution of factors that determine health-
related states or events in a population, and the use of this information to control health
problems.
✔✔Descriptive Epidemiology - ✔✔Examines health outcomes in terms of what, who,
where, and when. It asks questions such as, "What is this disease? Who is affected?
Where are they? When do these events occur?" Thus, descriptive epidemiology
discusses a disease in terms of person, place, and time.
✔✔Analytical Epidemiology - ✔✔Examines the etiology (origins or causes) of a disease
and associated determinants of health. It asks questions such as "How does the
disease occur? Why are some people affected more than others? Determinants of
health may be individual, relational, social, communal, or environmental.
✔✔Morbidity - ✔✔Refers to the occurrence of disease in a population - for example, the
number of reported cases of coronary artery disease in males between the ages of 40
and 60. Measurements of morbidity include incidence rate and prevalence rate.
✔✔Mortality - ✔✔Death rate within a population.
✔✔Endemic Disease - ✔✔Constantly present in a population.
✔✔Epidemic Disease - ✔✔Disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short
time.
✔✔Pandemic - ✔✔Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very
high proportion of the population.
✔✔Epidemiological Triangle - ✔✔Agent, Host, Environment.
✔✔Web of Causation - ✔✔A casual relationship (one thing or event causing another)
recognizes the complex interrelationships among many factors, sometimes interacting
in subtle ways to increase (or decrease) the risk of disease.
✔✔Validity - ✔✔Refers to whether a measure really measures what we intend it to
measure, and how accurately it does so. The validity of a screening test is measured by
sensitivity and specificity.
✔✔Positive Predictive Value - ✔✔Is the proportion of the persons with a positive screen
test who actually have the disease; it is interpreted as the probability that an individual
with a positive test has the disease.
